Variraptor (/ˈværɪræptər/ VARR-i-rap-tor; "Var thief") is a dubious and potentially chimaeric genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of France.
| Variraptor Temporal range: Campanian-Maastrichtian,
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| Fossils in Brussels | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | Saurischia |
| Clade: | Theropoda |
| Family: | †Dromaeosauridae |
| Genus: | †Variraptor Le Loeuff & Buffetaut, 1998 |
| Species: | †V. mechinorum
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| Binomial name | |
| †Variraptor mechinorum Le Loeuff & Buffetaut, 1998
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Discovery
editBetween 1992 and 1995 amateur paleontologists Patrick Méchin and Annie Méchin-Salessy uncovered the remains of a small theropod in the Grès à Reptiles Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) at La Bastide Neuve, near Fox-Amphoux. The first finds were in 1992 assigned to the theropod genus Elopteryx.[1] A second article, in 1997, concluded they represented a new species.[2] In 1998 this was named by Jean Le Loeuff and Eric Buffetaut as the type species Variraptor mechinorum. The generic name is derived from Latin Varus, referring to the Var River in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence region of southern France, and raptor meaning "thief". The specific name honours the Méchin couple.[3]
The genus is based on three type specimens: a posterior dorsal vertebra (MDE-D168), a sacrum (MDE-D169) with five fused vertebrae, and an ilium (CM-645). The specimens are part of the collection of the Musée des Dinosaures d'Espéraza and the private Collection Méchin. Additional referred material includes a right humerus (MDE-D158) with a well-developed deltopectoral crest, suggesting a raptorial function for the forearm. Other attributed bones include a femur and various vertebrae.[4]
Description
editThe incomplete remains have dromaeosaurid features in the shape of the vertebrae and the humerus, with some resemblances to Deinonychus.[citation needed]
Classification
editLe Loeuff and Buffetaut described Variraptor as a maniraptoran theropod, a member of the Dromaeosauridae. In 2000, Ronan Allain and Philippe Taquet named a second small theropod from the same layers: Pyroraptor. They also claimed that Variraptor was a nomen dubium because the type lacked any single diagnostic trait.[5] In the same year, Oliver Rauhut was also doubtful of the classification of Variraptor as a dromaeosaurid and assigned it to the more inclusive Coelurosauria.[6]
In 2003, Allain and Pereda-Suberbiola considered Pyroraptor as the only diagnostic dromaeosaur of France and doubted the identity of Variraptor as a dromaeosaurid. They also questioned the associations of the referred materials, pointing out that the cervicodorsal vertebra referred to this genus is almost indistinguishable from that of Chirostenotes, a caenagnathid theropod. Thus, they concluded that Variraptor is probably a chimaera and a nomen dubium.[7] In 2004, Mark Norell and Peter Makovicky suggested that the specimens of Variraptor show no unambiguous diagnostic features of dromaeosaurids, and that more specimens are required for confirmation of the taxon's identity.[8]
In 2009, Buffetaut and Phomphen Chanthasit defended the validity of Variraptor against Allain and Taquet (2000), arguing the type had a unique combination of traits. The lack of overlapping parts would make it impossible to establish whether Pyroraptor was a junior subjective synonym but the presence of two different types of ulna in the southern French dromaeosaurid material would indicate two separate species.[9] However, the authors did not refute the aforementioned claim of Allain and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003).[7] In their 2012 review of dromaeosaurid systematics, Alan Turner, Peter Makovicky and Mark Norell supported the conclusion by Allain and Taquet (2000).[4]
In a 2019 study describing the troodontid Hesperornithoides, Variraptor has been included in a phylogenetic analysis where it was recovered as the sister taxon of Bambiraptor, within an expanded Microraptoria. However, the authors of this study stated that a position within the Unenlagiidae was also possible, only requiring three extra steps in their matrix.[10] In a 2022 study describing halzkaraptorine Natovenator, phylogenetic analyses recovered Variraptor within Unenlagiinae.[11] In 2023, assuming that Variraptor and Pyroraptor may be valid different species, both have been recovered as dromaeosaurs, though their phylogenetic affinites and those of other deinonychosaurian theropods except for Balaur bondoc weren't well established.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Le Loeuff, J.; Buffetaut, E.; Mechin, P.; Mechin-Salessy, A. (1992). "The first record of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Maastrichtian of southern Europe: palaeobiogeographical implications". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 163: 337–343.
- ^ Buffetaut, E.; Le Loeuff, J.; Cavin, L.; Duffaud, S.; Gheerbrant, E.; Laurent, Y.; Martin, M.; Rage, J.-C.; Tong, H.; Vasse, D. (1997). "Les vertébrés continentaux du Crétacé supérieur du Sud de la France: un aperçu sur des découvertes récentes" (PDF). Geobios. 30 (supp. 1): 101–108. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80015-0.
- ^ Le Loeuff, J.; Buffetaut, E. (1998). "A new dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France" (PDF). Oryctos. 1: 105–112.
- ^ a b Turner, A.H.; Makovicky, P.J.; Norell, M.A. (2012). "A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 371: 1–206. doi:10.1206/748.1. hdl:2246/6352. S2CID 83572446.
- ^ Allain, R.; Taquet, P. (2000). "A new genus of Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of France". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (2): 404–407. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0404:ANGODD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85651716.
- ^ Rauhut, O.W.M. (2000). The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia) (PhD dissertation). University of Bristol.
- ^ a b Allain, Ronan; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier (2003). "Dinosaurs of France". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (1): 27–44. Bibcode:2003CRPal...2...27A. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00002-2.
- ^ Norell, M. A.; Makovicky, P. J. (2004). "Dromaeosauridae". In Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). University of California Press. p. 208. ISBN 9780520941434.
- ^ Chanthasit, P.; Buffetaut, E. (2009). "New data on the Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of southern France". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 180 (2): 145–154. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.2.145.
- ^ Hartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (2019-07-10). "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906.
- ^ Lee, Sungjin; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Currie, Philip J.; Sissons, Robin; Park, Jin-Young; Kim, Su-Hwan; Barsbold, Rinchen; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav (2022). "A non-avian dinosaur with a streamlined body exhibits potential adaptations for swimming". Communications Biology. 5 (1): 1185. doi:10.1038/s42003-022-04119-9. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 9715538. PMID 36456823.
- ^ Malafaia, Elisabete; Escaso, Fernando; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Ortega, Francisco (2023-01-19). "An Eudromaeosaurian Theropod from Lo Hueco (Upper Cretaceous. Central Spain)". Diversity. 15 (2): 141. doi:10.3390/d15020141. ISSN 1424-2818.