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Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
White bust
Bust of Agrippa in the Louvre, Paris, ca. 25–24 BC.
Bornc. 63 BC
Died12 BC (aged 50–51)
Campania, Roman Italy, Roman Empire[1]
Resting placeMausoleum of Augustus[2]
NationalityRoman
Occupation(s)Military commander, politician
Notable workPantheon (original)
OfficeConsul (37, 28–27 BC)
Spouses
Children
List
Military service
AllegianceAugustus
Years of service45–12 BC
Battles/wars

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (between 64 and 62 BC[3] – DATE) was a Roman politician, soldier, and dynast; he was the childhood friend of, son-in-law of, and co-ruler of the Roman Empire with Augustus.

Early life

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Allegedly from humble origins, Agrippa was born some time between 64 and 62 BC; he was a childhood friend of the Gaius Octavius who would later on become Augustus. While his family name was obscure, it is more likely that his family was at least well-off.[3][4]

Civil wars

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With then-Octavius,[a] he travelled from Apollonia back to Italy after the assassination of Julius Caesar. When Octavian accepted Caesar's adoption pursuant to the deceased dictator's will, Agrippa helped raise a private army in Campania to pursue Octavian's interests.[5]

After the short war against Antony in 43 BC, Octavian turned against the Senate and secured his irregular election as consul with a relative, Quintus Pedius. Pedius carried legislation establishing a court to try the Caesarian tyrannicides.[6] As one of the plebeian tribunes of that year, Agrippa led the prosecution against Gaius Cassius Longinus and secured a conviction in absentia.[7] During the following proscription of the Second Triumvirate, Agrippa interceded with Octavian to remove some names from the proscription lists.[8] He became praetor urbanus in 40 BC during which he led troops to oppose Antony's landing in Brundisium.[9] After Octavian and Antony reached an agreement, Agrippa resigned as part thereof to make way for suffect praetors.[10]

Sextus Pompey

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Assuming an ordinary consulship in 37 BC with Lucius Caninius Gallus, he spent his term preparing a fleet against Sextus Pompey and, for that purpose, built a port – the Portus Julius – at Baiae in Campania.[11]

Actium

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Imperial period

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Position in Augustus' settlement

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Death

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Legacy

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Marriages and issue

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Agrippa married three times:

With Caecilia Attica he had a daughter, Vipsania Agrippina, who later became the first wife of the emperor Tiberius. He and Marcella also had a daughter who married Publius Quinctilius Varus. The last marriage, to Julia, produced three sons and two daughters. The sons were – after Augustus adopted the sons – Gaius Julius Caesar, Lucius Julius Caesar, and Agrippa Julius Caesar.[b] The daughters were Julia and Agrippina. From the daughters, Agrippa became the grandfather and great-grandfather of the emperors Caligula and Nero.[3]

Offices

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Unless otherwise indicated, the following table is sourced from Broughton 1952, p. 589 for years up to 31 BC and for years after 31 BC (AUC 723), PIR vol. 3, pp. 440–42.

Year (BC) Office Colleague Comment
43 Plebeian tribune Prosecuted Cassius under the lex Pedia[7]
41 Promagistrate[15] Perusine War[16]
40 Praetor Among others, Lucius Caninius Gallus[10] Praetor urbanus. All praetors resigned for suffect praetors after the Pact of Brundisium[10]
40–38 Proconsul Transalpine Gaul
37 Consul Lucius Caninius Gallus[17]
36 Proconsul Won decisive victory at Naulochus against Sextus Pompey[18]
35–34 Promagistrate[19] Illyricum
33 Curule aedile
32–31 Proconsul Admiral-in-chief during War of Actium[20]
By 31 Quindecimvir sacris faciundis See CIL IX, 262[21]
28 Consul Augustus Agrippa's second consulship; Augustus' sixth
28 Censoria potestas Augustus Conducted a census and revised the senate rolls
27 Consul Augustus Agrippa's third consulship; Augustus' seventh
18 Tribunicia potestas Accepted for five years
13 Tribunicia potestas Accepted again for five years
13 Imperium maius Imperium made equal to Augustus'; accepted for five years[22]

Notes

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  1. ^ The one man known as Octavius, Octavian, and Augustus is known by three names in the scholarship. He is "Octavius" prior to his adoption by Caesar in 44 BC. After the Caesarian adoption but before his assumption of the title Augustus in 27 BC, he is called "Octavian"; after that assumption he is called "Augustus".
  2. ^ Gaius was died of wounds in AD 4.[12] Lucius died in AD 2 while travelling to Spain.[13] Agrippa fell out of favour with Augustus and, as a threat to Tiberius in AD 14, was murdered shortly after Tiberius' accession.[14]

References

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  1. ^ PIR vol. 3, p. 441 (A. 742 in Campania decessit ex morbo).
  2. ^ PIR vol. 3, p. 441 (ossa inlata mausoleo Augusti).
  3. ^ a b c Richardson, Cadoux & Levick 2012a.
  4. ^ PIR vol. 3, p. 439, citing on origins, Sen. Controv., 2.4.13; Sen. Ben., 3.32.4; Vell. Pat., 2.96; Tac. Ann., 1.3; Suet. Calig., 23.
  5. ^ PIR vol. 3, p. 439.
  6. ^ Welch 2014, pp. 143–44.
  7. ^ a b Broughton 1952, pp. 340–41.
  8. ^ PIR vol. 3, p. 439, citing App. BCiv., 4.49.
  9. ^ Pelling 1996, p. 18.
  10. ^ a b c Broughton 1952, p. 380.
  11. ^ PIR vol. 3, pp. 439–40, citing Vell. Pat., 2.79 and Dio, 48.49–50.
  12. ^ Richardson, Cadoux & Badian 2012.
  13. ^ Richardson & Badian 2012.
  14. ^ Richardson, Cadoux & Levick 2012b.
  15. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 375 (no title recorded).
  16. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 375.
  17. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 395.
  18. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 403.
  19. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 409 (no title recorded).
  20. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 422.
  21. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 427.
  22. ^ PIR vol. 3, p. 441; Richardson, Cadoux & Levick 2012a.

Bibliography

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Modern sources

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  • Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
  • Hornblower, Simon; et al., eds. (2012). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246.
  • "M Vipsanius Agrippa". Prosopographia Imperii Romani (in Latin). Vol. 3. 1898. pp. 439–42.
  • Pelling, C (1996). "The triumviral period". In Bowman, Alan K; et al. (eds.). The Augustan empire, 43 BC–AD 69. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–69. ISBN 0-521-26430-8.
  • Rich, J W (2012-10-26). "Vipsanius Agrippa, Marcus". Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley.
  • Welch, Kathryn (2014). "The lex Pedia of 43 BCE and its aftermath". Hermathena (196/197): 137–162. ISSN 0018-0750. JSTOR 26740133.

Ancient sources

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  • Appian (1913) [2nd century AD]. Civil Wars. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by White, Horace. Cambridge – via LacusCurtius.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Cassius Dio (1914–27) [c. AD 230]. Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Cary, Earnest – via LacusCurtius. Published in nine volumes.
  • Velleius Paterculus (1924). Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Shipley, Frederick W – via LacusCurtius.

Further reading

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