[go: up one dir, main page]
Wikipedia

User:Alaney2k/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

< User:Alaney2k
"MGM" redirects here. For the unrelated Las Vegas hotel and casino company, see MGM Resorts International. For other uses, see MGM (disambiguation).
"MGM Distribution Co." redirects here. Not to be confused with MGM Distribution.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc.
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryFilm
Predecessors
FoundedApril 17, 1924; 100 years ago (1924-04-17)
Founders
Headquarters
Beverly Hills, California
,
US
Key people
  • Chris Brearton
  • (COO)
  • Michael De Luca
  • (chairman, Motion Picture Group)
  • Pamela Abdy (president, Motion Picture Group)
Products
  • Motion pictures
  • Television programs
ParentMGM Holdings, Inc.
Divisions
Subsidiaries
WebsiteNo URL found. Please specify a URL here or add one to Wikidata.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. (also known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, initialized as MGM; often referred to as Metro; common metonym: the Lion or Leo)[1] is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. One of the world's oldest film studios, MGM's corporate headquarters are located in Beverly Hills, California.[2]

MGM was formed in 1924 when the entertainment entrepreneur Marcus Loew gained control of Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Pictures.[3][page needed][4] The new company grew and became one of the "big five" film studios of Hollywood. The studio built a stable of stars under contract, its motto was "more stars than there are in heaven". It was the studio that produced numerous big musicals and won many Oscars. The company was a complete production house, from studios and backlots to full technical facilities. Its most prosperous era was from 1926 until 1959, bracketed by two productions of Ben Hur. The year of 1959 also saw the beginning of the breakup of the company, with the divestiture of the Loews movie chain. Long-term contracts became a thing of the past. Film costs became more unpredictable and making films became more of a gamble. Built initially to produce twenty films or more per year to fill its movie houses, the studio became unsustainable at a reduced output in the 1960s, although it had diversified into television production and rentals of much of its facilities. By the late 1960s, the company's stock price had declined to the point where the value of its assets well exceeded the value of its stock, making it the potential target for a takeover and the company fought off corporate raiders. The company fell under the control of outsiders with little experience in film-making. In 1969, deal maker Kirk Kerkorian bought 40% of MGM and installed new management. The management immediately started a sell-off of assets and laid off much of its staff. Output was reduced to an average of five movies per year and focussed on other ventures, utilizing the company brand. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company was created in 1973 as a division of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and in the 1980s became an independent company

Over the next 39 years, the studio was bought and sold on multiple occasions. In all, Kerkorian bought and sold the company three times. Each sale was larger than the previous, and often funded with debt. The debt led to further sell-offs and divestitures. The company sold its Culver City studio complex, its backlots, film library and subsidiaries to pay off incurred debt and reduce costs. Despite its leveraged position, to bolster its output and increase its film library, the company acquired United Artists in 1980. In 1986, Kerkorian sold the company to Ted Turner and bought most of it back, only to sell it again in 1992. Kerkorian bought the company back in 1996 and purchased studios such as Orion Pictures and Samuel Goldwyn Co. and their film libraries. In 2004, Kerkorian sold the company to a consortium including Sony Pictures. Finally, in 2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[5][6] MGM emerged from bankruptcy on December 20, 2010, at which time the executives of Spyglass Entertainment, Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum, became co-chairmen and co-CEOs of the holding company of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.[7]

Today the company produces feature films and television series, purchases films for distribution and distributes its own pictures. In films, the company produces the James Bond franchise. Recent productions of MGM Television include The Handmaid's Tale.

History

edit
Main article: History of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

MGM was the last studio to convert to sound pictures, but in spite of this fact, from the end of the silent film era through the late 1950s, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was the dominant motion picture studio in Hollywood.[8][page needed][9][page needed] Always slow to respond to the changing legal, economic, and demographic nature of the motion picture industry during the 1950s and 1960s,[10][page needed][11][page needed][12][page needed] and although at times its films did well at the box office, the studio lost significant amounts of money throughout the 1960s.[11][12] In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr., whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios.[citation needed] Three years later, an increasingly unprofitable MGM was bought by Kirk Kerkorian, who slashed staff and production costs, forced the studio to produce low-quality, low-budget fare, and then ceased theatrical distribution in 1973.[12] The studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were distributed through other studios, usually United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and an expanded film library when he bought United Artists in 1981.[citation needed]

MGM ramped up internal production, as well as keeping production going at UA, which included the lucrative James Bond film franchise.[13][page needed] It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production.[14][page needed] The studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few months later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt, while keeping the library assets for himself. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt.[15] MGM was bought by Pathé Communications (led by Italian publishing magnate Giancarlo Parretti) in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio.[12][15] The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the studio's major creditor, then took control of MGM.[12][15][16] Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australia's Seven Network in 1996.[17]

The debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGM's ability to survive as a separate motion picture studio. After a bidding war which included Time Warner (the current parent of Turner Broadcasting) and General Electric, MGM was acquired on September 23, 2004, by a partnership consisting of Sony Corporation of America, Comcast, Texas Pacific Group (now TPG Capital, L.P.), Providence Equity Partners, and other investors.[18][19]

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures

edit

Because of the way it had acquired control of the company, Crédit Lyonnais soon put the studio up for sale. Kerkorian bought the company for a third time, for $870 million.[20] Kerkorian's deal with Mancuso quickly angered John Calley, who quit United Artists and was named head of Sony Pictures Entertainment. By selling a portion of the studio to Australia's Seven Network, Kerkorian was able to convince Wall Street that a revived MGM was worthy of a place on the stock market, where it languished until he sold the company to a group of hedge funds tied to Sony, which wanted to control the studio library to promote the Blu-ray Disc format.

On April 11, 1997, MGM bought Metromedia's film subsidiaries (Orion Pictures, The Samuel Goldwyn Company, and the Motion Picture Corporation of America) for US$573 million, substantially enlarging its library of films and television series and acquiring additional production capacity.[21] The deal closed in July of that year.[22] This catalog, along with the James Bond franchise, was considered to be MGM's primary asset.[23][24] In the same year, MGM's long-running cable television series, Stargate SG-1, first aired.[25] Kerkorian bought out Seven Network the following year.[26]

In December 1997, MGM attempted to purchase 1,000 films held by Consortium de Réalisation, but was outbid by PolyGram.[27] However, they ultimately succeeded when they acquired the 2/3 of pre-1996 PolyGram Filmed Entertainment library from Seagram in 1999 for $250 million, increasing their library holdings to 4000. Prior to that, MGM had held a home video license for 100 of the films since spring 1997.[28][29] The PolyGram libraries were purchased by its Orion Pictures subsidiary so as to avoid its 1990 video distribution agreement with Warner.[30] The studio also obtained the broadcast rights to more than 800 of its films previously licensed to Turner Broadcasting.[31][32]

By 1998, MGM had started a specialty film unit using The Samuel Goldwyn Company under the Goldwyn Films name. Samuel Goldwyn Jr. sued Metromedia over salary and damages when he worked at Goldwyn Company under Metromedia and sued MGM over the use of the Goldwyn name claiming trademark infringement and unfair competition. MGM and Metromedia settled on January 10, 1999, with MGM's Goldwyn Films changing its name to G2 Films.[33]

In 2000, MGM changed its overseas distribution arrangement. Since 1981, MGM had distributed its films internationally through United International Pictures (UIP), a joint venture of MGM, Universal Pictures, DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures. UIP was accused by the European Union of being an illegal cartel,[34] and effective November 2000 MGM severed its ties with UIP and distributed films internationally through 20th Century Fox.[35]

MGM purchased 20 percent of Rainbow Media Group from Cablevision Systems for $825 million in 2001.[36] MGM attempted to take over Universal Studios in 2003, but failed, and was forced to sell several of its cable channel investments (taking a $75-million loss on the deal).[37][38]

In January 2002, MGM formed the MGM Entertainment Business Group with lawyer Darcie Denkert as president. This placed her in charge of MGM on Stage, the company's theatrical arm. Her friend Dean Stolber joined her as co-president of the theatrical unit.[39]

MGM Holdings

edit
Main article: MGM Holdings

Bidding war and corporate reorganization

edit

In 2002, Kerkorian put MGM up for sale again, with a suggested sale price of $7 billion.[40] In 2004, many of MGM's competitors started to make bids to purchase the studio, beginning with Time Warner. It was not unexpected that Time Warner would bid, since the largest shareholder in the company was Ted Turner. His Turner Entertainment Group had risen to success in part through its ownership of the pre-May 1986 MGM library. After a short period of negotiation with MGM, Time Warner was unsuccessful. The leading bidder proved to be Sony Corporation of America, backed by Comcast and private equity firms Texas Pacific Group (now TPG Capital, L.P.), DLJ and Providence Equity Partners. Sony's primary goal was to ensure Blu-ray Disc support at MGM; cost synergies with Sony Pictures Entertainment were secondary. Time Warner made a counter-bid (which Ted Turner reportedly tried to block), but on September 13, 2004, Sony increased its bid of US$11.25/share (roughly $4.7 billion) to $12/share ($5 billion), and Time Warner subsequently withdrew its bid of $11/share ($4.5 billion). MGM and Sony agreed on a purchase price of nearly $5 billion, of which about $2 billion was to pay off MGM's debt.[41][42] From 2005 to 2006, the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group domestically distributed films by MGM and UA.

In 2006, MGM announced it would return as a theatrical distribution company. MGM struck deals with The Weinstein Company, Lakeshore Entertainment, Bauer Martinez, and many other independent studios, and then announced its plans to release 14 feature films for 2006 and early 2007. MGM also hoped to increase the amount to over 20 by 2007. Lucky Number Slevin, released April 7, was the first film released under the new MGM era.[citation needed] The Weinstein distribution agreement covered three years and got Weinstein films, but was ended three months early.[43]

On May 31, 2006, MGM announced it would transfer the majority of its home video output from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment to 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[44][45]

MGM also announced plans to restructure its worldwide television distribution operation.[46] In addition, MGM signed a deal with New Line Television in which MGM would handle New Line's U.S. film and series television syndication packages. MGM served as New Line's barter sales representative in the television arena until 2008.[47]

A tentative agreement was signed in Seoul on March 15, 2006, between MGM, South Korea-based entertainment agency Glovit and Busan city officials for a theme park scheduled to open in 2011. MGM Studio City was projected to cost $1.02 billion build on 245 acres owned by the city in a planned tourist district and contain 27 attractions, a film academy with movie sets, hotels, restaurants and shopping facilities. Glovit was expected to find funding and oversee management of the park, while MGM received a licensing agreement making them handle content and overall planning and the option to buy a 5%-10% share.[48]

On November 2, 2006, producer/actor Tom Cruise and his production partner, Paula Wagner, signed an agreement with MGM to run United Artists. Wagner served as United Artists' chief executive.[49][50] Cruise produced and starred in films for UA, and MGM distributed the films.[51]

MGM in the digital age

edit

Over the next several years, MGM launched a number of initiatives in distribution and the use of new technology and media, as well as joint ventures to promote and sell its products. In April 2007, it was announced that MGM movies would be able to be downloaded through Apple's iTunes service, with MGM bringing an estimated 100 of its existing movies to iTunes service, the California-based computer company revealed. The list of movies included the likes of modern features such as Rocky, Ronin, Mad Max, and Dances with Wolves, along with more golden-era classics such as Lilies of the Field and The Great Train Robbery.[52] In October, the company launched MGM HD on DirecTV, offering a library of movies formatted in Hi Def.[53] Also in 2006, MGM licensed its home video distribution rights for countries outside of the United States to 20th Century Fox.[citation needed] MGM teamed up with Weigel Broadcasting to launch a new channel titled This TV on November 1, 2008.[54][55] On August 12, 2008, MGM teamed up with Comcast to launch a new video-on-demand network titled Impact.[56] On November 10, 2008, MGM announced that it will release full-length films on YouTube.[57]

On April 14, 2008, a South Korea government agency announced that MGM and Incheon International Airport Corporation agreed to build MGM Studio Theme Park. The selected site was a 1.5 million square meter Yeongjongdo island property near the Incheon International Airport.[58] However, the park was designed but never built.[59]

MGM files for bankruptcy

edit

As of mid-2009, MGM had US$3.7 billion in debt, and interest payments alone totaled $250 million a year.[60][61][62] MGM was earning approximately $500 million a year on income from its extensive film and television library, but the economic recession is reported to have reduced this income substantially.[63][64]

Whether MGM could avoid voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy had been a topic of much discussion in the film industry. MGM had to repay a $250-million line of credit in April 2010, a $1-billion loan in June 2011, and its remaining US$2.7 billion in loans in 2012.[63] In May 2009, MGM's auditor gave the company a clean bill of health, concluding it was still on track to meet its debt obligations.[61] At that time, the company was negotiating with its creditors to either extend the debt repayment deadlines or engage in a debt-for-equity swap.[61] Industry observers, however, questioned whether MGM could avoid a Chapter-11 bankruptcy filing under any circumstances, and concluded that any failure to conclude the negotiations must trigger a filing.[65] MGM and its United Artists subsidiary were now producing very few films each year, and it was widely believed that MGM's solvency would depend on the box-office performance of these films (especially Skyfall).[63][66] There was some indication that Relativity Media and its financial backer, Elliott Associates (a hedge fund based in New York), had been acquiring MGM debt in an attempt to force the company into involuntary bankruptcy.[60][67][68]

On August 17, 2009, chief executive officer Harry E. Sloan stepped down and MGM hired Stephen F. Cooper as its new CEO,[5][69][70] a corporate executive who guided Enron through its post-2001 bankruptcy and oversaw the restructuring and growth of Krispy Kreme in 2005.[63][71][72] Expectations were that Cooper was hired to act quickly on MGM's debt problems.[63][71] On October 1, 2009, the studio's new leadership negotiated a forbearance agreement with its creditors under which interest payments due from September to November 2009 did not have to be paid until December 15, 2009.[73]

MGM stated in February 2010 that the studio would likely be sold in the next four months, and that its latest film, Hot Tub Time Machine, might be one of the last four films to bear the MGM name. However, some stated that the company might continue as a label for new James Bond productions, as well as other movie properties culled from the MGM library.[74][75]

MGM Holdings, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and 160 affiliates filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on November 3, 2010, with a prepackaged plan for exiting bankruptcy which led to MGM's creditors taking over the company.[76] On December 20, 2010, MGM executives announced that the studio had emerged from bankruptcy. Spyglass Entertainment executives Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum became co-Chairs and co-CEOs of the studio.[77][78]

Post-bankruptcy era

edit

On January 4, 2011, MGM and Weigel Broadcasting announced plans to distribute MeTV nationwide.[79][80] On February 2, 2011, MGM named Jonathan Glickman to be the film president of MGM. Six days later, MGM was finalizing a distribution deal with Sony Pictures Entertainment to handle distribution of its 4,000 films and DVDs worldwide and on digital platforms, including the two upcoming Bond films: Skyfall and Spectre. There were four studios who were bidding on the Bond distribution rights: Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros. Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Columbia Pictures. Paramount was the first studio who dropped out of the Bond bidding. The deal was finalized on April 13, 2011. Post-bankruptcy, MGM also co-financed SPE's The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. 20th Century Fox's deal with MGM handling its library distribution worldwide was set to expire in September 2011.[81][82] However, the deal was renewed and extended on April 14, 2011[83][84] and, after five years, was renewed and extended again on June 27, 2016. It was expired in June 2020.[85]

MGM moved forward with several upcoming projects, including remakes of RoboCop and Poltergeist,[86][87] and released their first post-bankruptcy film Zookeeper, which was co-distributed by Columbia Pictures on July 8, 2011. The new MGM, under Barber and Birnbaum's control, focuses on co-investing on films made by another party, which handle all distribution and marketing for the projects. MGM handles international television distribution rights for the new films as well as its library of existing titles and also retains its in-house production service.[88] In separate 2011 deals, the rights to MGM's completed films Red Dawn and The Cabin in the Woods were dealt to FilmDistrict as well as Lionsgate Films, respectively.[89][90]

On October 3, 2012, Birnbaum announced his intention to exit his role as an MGM executive and return to "hands-on" producing. He will remain with the studio to produce films on "an exclusive basis".[91] In December 2012, Denkert retired as co-president of MGM on Stage after producing five Broadway and West End plays.[39] In May 2014, MGM introduced The Works, a channel available in 31 percent of the country, including stations owned by Titan Broadcast Management.[92]

In 2013, the Orion brand was revived as a TV production label for a syndicated court show. Orion Pictures name was extended in fourth quarter 2014 for smaller domestic and international video on demand and limited theatrical releases.[93]

In March 2017, MGM announced a multi-year distribution deal with Annapurna Pictures for some international markets and including home entertainment, theatrical and television rights.[94] Later on October 31, 2017, the two companies formed a US distribution joint venture called Mirror Releasing. However, this partnership will not be exclusive to all MGM films, as several of them will continue to be released through existing studio partners, such as Warner Bros. and Paramount. It also does not include newly relaunched Orion Pictures.[95] On February 5, 2019, Annapurna and MGM rebranded and expanded their US distribution joint venture as United Artists Releasing, marking another revival of the United Artists brand, with the Orion Pictures distribution team and films joining the venture. The decision was made to coincide with the United Artists brand's 100th anniversary.[96] Beginning with Operation Finale, a majority of MGM's films released by the UAR joint venture are released by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment while 20th Century Fox continued releasing a majority of the April 1986-August 2018 catalog until June 2020[97] and releases from Annapurna and Orion, with the exception of Creed II, which was released by Warner Home Video due to the film being a co-production between MGM and Warner Bros..

Following the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations in October 2017, MGM was listed as one of 22 potential buyers interest in acquiring The Weinstein Company.[98] In October 2017, MGM's board renewed Gary Barber's contract as chairman and CEO until December 2022. In February 2018, Chris Brearton, the former media M&A attorney of Latham and Watkins, was appointed as chief operating officer. On March 19, 2018, MGM Holdings announced that Barber had been fired by the studio's board of directors. MGM gave no reason for his firing. For the interim, the company would be led by the newly formed "Office of the CEO".[99]

In April 2019, MGM signed a two-year, first-look deal for films with Smokehouse Pictures, owned by George Clooney and Grant Heslov. The deal's first film is an unnamed John DeLorean film based on journalist Alex Pappademas’ Epic magazine article “Saint John”, written by Keith Bunin and Clooney as director with a possibility of starring.[100]

In April 2019, MGM made a multi-film non-exclusive creative partnership with AGBO Films to co-develop, co-produce and co-finance a slate from the MGM library. The deal includes a new film projects joint development fund with the first film under the deal to be a remake of The Thomas Crown Affair.[101]

MGM agreed to a $100 million co-financing slate deal with Bron Creative in June 2019. The slate consisted of at least nine films including three Orion Pictures films.[102]

MGM was the first studio to delay the film No Time to Die due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was followed by an April 2020 layoff of 7% of employees.[103]

A shuffle of top executives occurred in the first four months. Glickman left in January 2020 and replaced by Michael De Luca as chairman of the motion picture group. A motion picture group president, veteran executive and producer Pamela Abdy, was named in early April. Co-presidents of production Cassidy Lange, Adam Rosenberg left by May 1, 2020.[104]

In May 2020, MGM made an investment, facilitated by its TV group, in Audio Up podcast production studio, platform and network. Audio Up would also produce 5 podcasts per year for MGM and agreed to an exclusive first look for its works.[105] later that month, MGM agreed to a two-year film and TV first-look development deal with Killer Films.[106]

In 2013 and 2015, Starz Entertainment signed exclusive film licensing agreements with MGM for 585 movies and 176 TV shows. In August 2019, Starz found a film in the agreement on a streaming service which MGM agreed was under the agreement and had it pulled. Starz pressed them and MGM admitted in November that 244 films and TV shows were being shown on other platforms including Epix. MGM indicated that month that the license tracking system was fixed. Finding films on other platforms a month later, Starz found an additional 100 films on other platforms. With this seeming to diminish their channel's value to cable operators, Starz sued on May 4, 2020, to uncover all contract violations.[107]

In December 2020, MGM began to explore a potential sale of the studio, with the COVID-19 pandemic and the domination of streaming platforms due to the closure of movie theaters as contributing factors, hiring Morgan Stanley and LionTree Advisors to handle the process on behalf of the studio.[108][109]

Headquarters

edit

Since August 22, 2011, its headquarters have been in Beverly Hills, California.[110] MGM rents space in a six-story office building. The 144,000-square-foot (13,400 m2) facility was originally constructed for the venerable William Morris talent agency, but had remained all but unoccupied until MGM's move because of the agency's merger with Endeavor Talent Agency in April 2009. MGM planned to house a private theater and a private outdoor patio in the building.[111]

Prior to 2003, its headquarters had been in the Colorado Center in Santa Monica, California,[112][113] occupying at least 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of space there. In 2000, MGM announced that it was moving its headquarters to a new building in Century City that was to be the first high-rise in Los Angeles to be completed in the 21st century. Upon the company's agreement to be its lead tenant halfway through the design building process, the structure became identified as the MGM Tower,[114] opening in 2003.[111] When MGM moved into the lavishly appointed spaces[112] devised by Alex Yemenidjian, former chairperson and chief executive of MGM, Roger Vincent and Claudia Eller observed in the Los Angeles Times that "Yemenidjian spared no expense in building out the studio's space with such Las Vegas-style flourishes as towering marble pillars and a grand spiral staircase lined with a wall of awards."[111]

Scott Johnson, the architect, designed the bottom third of the tower with extra-large floors so MGM executives could have outdoor decks. Seemingly no expense was spared, from the marble imported from Italy for MGM's area to the company's exclusive use of a dedicated private garage, security checkpoint, and elevator bank: all to enable celebrities who visited the complex discreet entry and exit, bypassing public spaces. One of three screening rooms placed in the tower was a 100-seat theater on the ground floor (later taken over by International Creative Management in December 2010). The 14th-floor lobby housed the executive suites and a wall of Oscar statuettes for Academy Award-winning films. The street leading to the building's garage was renamed MGM Drive and a large MGM logo, illuminated at night, crowned the top of the building. As of December 2010, MGM rented 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m2) of space in the MGM Tower at a cost of almost $5 per square foot per month.[111]

Emerging from bankruptcy protection in 2010, MGM announced that it planned to relocate the headquarters to Beverly Hills as part of an effort toward removing almost $5 billion in debt since the lease in Century City was not scheduled to expire until 2018. Vincent and Eller said that MGM's per square foot monthly rent would be far lower in the Beverly Hills building than in the MGM Tower. Larry Kozmont, a real estate consultant not involved in the process, said "It's a prudent move for them. Downsizing and relocating to a space that is still prominent but not overly ostentatious and burdened by expenses is fundamental for their survival."[111] MGM vacated its namesake tower on August 19, 2011.[110]

Leo logo and mottos

edit
Main article: Leo the Lion (MGM)
 
MGM Tower, former company headquarters highlighted by the famous Leo the Lion logo at the top

The studio's official motto, "Ars Gratia Artis", is a Latin phrase meaning "Art for art's sake".[115][116][117][118] It was chosen by Howard Dietz, the studio's chief publicist.[119][120][121] The studio's logo is a roaring lion surrounded by a ring of film inscribed with the studio's motto. The logo, which features Leo the Lion, was created by Dietz in 1916 for Goldwyn Pictures and updated in 1924 for MGM's use.[119][122][123] Dietz based the logo on his alma mater's mascot, the Columbia University lion.[119][121][124][125] Originally silent, the sound of Leo the Lion's roar was added to films for the first time in August 1928.[118]

In the 1930s and 1940s, the studio billed itself as having "more stars than there are in heaven", a reference to the large number of A-list movie stars under contract to the company.[123][126][127] This second motto was also coined by Dietz[128][129][130][131] and was first used in 1932.[132]

On March 8, 2021, the studio unveiled a rebrand centered on the "Ars Gratia Artis" motto across its social media and marketing platforms and a photorealistic CGI version of its Leo the Lion emblem and logo.[133]

The MGM library

edit
Main article: List of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films

Turner Entertainment Co.

edit

Following his brief ownership of the company in 1986, Ted Turner formed Turner Entertainment Co. as a holding company for the pre-May 1986 MGM film and television library, which he retained.[134] After Turner's holdings were purchased by Time Warner in 1996,[135] they ultimately became integrated into the Warner Bros. library,[136] though Turner remains the credited copyright holder. For some time after the sale, MGM continued to handle home video distribution of its pre-May 1986 film and television library and began to handle home video distribution of the pre-1950 Warner Bros. films; those rights were reassigned to Warner Home Video in 1999.[137]

Acquired libraries

edit

Through its acquisitions of many different companies and film and television libraries, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer has greatly enhanced its film and television holdings. As of 1998, MGM owned the rights to 5,200 films.[30]

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's library includes its own post-April 1986 library as well as the film and television libraries of:

Film series

edit
Title Release date Notes
The Broadway Melody 1929-1940
The Thin Man 1934-1947
Andy Hardy 1937-1958
Dr. Kildare 1938-1942
Maisie 1939-1947
Dr. Gillespie 1942-1947
James Bond 1962–present
The Pink Panther 1963–present
That's Entertainment! 1974-1994
Rocky 1976–present
Poltergeist 1982-2015
Legally Blonde 2001–present
Barbershop 2002-2016

Distribution

edit

Domestically, MGM's films are currently distributed by United Artists Releasing, the former Mirror Releasing.[96]

From 1924 to 1973 (worldwide) and 1981 to 2010 (domestically), MGM has theatrically distributed most of its movies entirely in-house, as well as those of United Artists after July 1981 and Orion Pictures after April 1997. In October 2017, seven years after shutting down their major distribution operations, MGM re-entered US theatrical distribution by launching an American joint venture with Annapurna Pictures that will share distribution financing between the two companies and release certain MGM and Annapurna films, beginning with the 2018 remake of Death Wish.

There were also periods when they outsourced distribution to other companies. From 1973 to 1981, United Artists released its films in North America while Cinema International Corporation released them overseas. In 1981, United Artists' international arm was combined by CIC to form United International Pictures. MGM's arrangement with that company lasted until 2000, when it made an arrangement with 20th Century Fox for international distribution. From 2005 to 2016, the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group has distributed certain films. From 2006 to 2010, Alliance Films handled Canadian distribution of some of its products.

They also distributed films from Carolco Pictures (1994-1995, in North America),[150] Rysher Entertainment (1996-1997),[151] and The Weinstein Company/Dimension Films (2006-2008, in the United States),[43] as well as currently handling select international distribution of Annapurna Pictures' releases.

From 2006 to September 2008, MGM distributed films produced or acquired by The Weinstein Company (TWC). Weinstein preferred the deal brought carriage on Showtime. Prints and marketing were paid for by TWC, while MGM was paid for booking theaters. With TWC agreeing to a direct deal with Showtime and MGM not intending to renew the distribution deal, TWC and MGM agreed to end the distribution deal three months early in September 2008.[43]

Other international arrangements

edit

In 2012, MGM signed a deal with Forum Film to release its films in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Israel; Forum Film has also been known to release some of MGM's films in Czech Republic/Slovakia. That same year, in Denmark, Sweden and Norway, MGM arranged to get its films distributed through AB Svensk Filmindustri,[152] which was renamed to SF Studios in 2016. Also in 2012, it arranged to have its films distributed by FS Film[153] (now SF Film Finland) to release its films in Finland and with ZON Lusomundo[154] (now NOS Audiovisuais) to release its films in Portugal.

In 2018, for select films, MGM made international distribution deals with Entertainment One (for the Canadian market), Vertigo Releasing (for the UK market), Rialto Distribution (for the Australian market), Ascot Elite Entertainment Group (for the Swiss market), BF Distribution (for the Argentinean market), Dutch FilmWorks (for the Dutch market), Kinepolis Film Distribution (for the Belgian film market), Odeon (for the Greek market), OctoArts Films (for the Filipino market), Universum Film (for the German market), Filmax International (for the Spanish market), Hollywood International Film Exchange/Big Screen Entertainment Group (for the Chinese market), Shaw Organisation (for the Singaporean market), and Showgate (for the Japanese market).[155][156][157] Paramount Pictures distributed the 2018 remake of Death Wish for the French market.[155][156][157]

See also

edit

Notes

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Slanguage Dictionary: L". Variety. February 20, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  2. ^ "Corporate - Contact Us". Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
  3. ^ Eyman, Scott (2005). Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0743204816.
  4. ^ Balio, Tino (1985). The American film industry (Revised ed.). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299098745.
  5. ^ a b "Business News, Stock market & Financial Advice". Businessweek. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  6. ^ "MGM Officially File For Bankruptcy". The Hollywood News. November 3, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  7. ^ "MGM 2010 Restructing" (PDF). online.wsj.com. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  8. ^ Johnson, Daniel H.; Bohn, Thomas W.; Stromgren, Richard L. (1978). Light & Shadows (2nd ed.). Sherman Oaks, California: Alfred. ISBN 0882840576.
  9. ^ Gomery, Douglas (2005). The Coming of Sound. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415969018.
  10. ^ Maltby, Richard (2003). Hollywood Cinema (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631216154.
  11. ^ a b Lewis, Jon (1999). The New American Cinema (3rd ed.). Durham: Duke University Press. p. 93. ISBN 0822321157.
  12. ^ a b c d e Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat (2000). Defining Concise Guide to United States Popular Culture. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0879728213.
  13. ^ Cook, David A. (2000). Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam, 1970–1979. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0684804638.
  14. ^ Prince, Stephen (1999). A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980–1989. Old Tappan, New Jersey: Macmillan Library Reference. ISBN 068480493X.
  15. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Bart was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ "THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Bank Takes MGM-Pathe". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 8, 1992. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
  17. ^ "INTERNATIONAL BRIEFS;Seven Network Criticized For MGM Purchase". The New York Times. July 18, 1996. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  18. ^ Andrew Ross Sorkin (July 1, 2004). "Time Warner Is Said to Join MGM Bidding - The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  19. ^ "Company News - Consortium Led By Sony Locks Up Mgm Deal - Nytimes.Com". The New York Times. September 24, 2004. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  20. ^ Rempel 2018, p. 290.
  21. ^ "Metromedia to Sell Film Units To MGM for $573 Million - The New York Times". The New York Times. April 29, 1997. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  22. ^ "Years of Hits, Misses Comes to Close." Daily News of Los Angeles. July 10, 1997; Bates, James. "MGM Lays Off 85 in Metromedia Film, TV Units." Los Angeles Times. July 11, 1997.
  23. ^ Bates, James (March 30, 1999). "Deal Cements MGM's Bond to 007 Franchise - Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  24. ^ Andrew Ross Sorkin and Geraldine Fabrikant; Laura H. Holson contributed reporting to this article. (April 22, 2004). "Sony Group Said to Be in Talks to Buy MGM - The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ King, Susan (July 27, 1997). "'Stargate Sg-1' Gets A 44-episode Commitment From Showtime". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  26. ^ "Company News; Kerkorian To Increase Stake In M-G-M - The New York Times". The New York Times. August 20, 1998. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  27. ^ "MGM Says It Was Outbid for Film Library". Los Angeles Times. December 23, 1997. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  28. ^ Billboard Magazine (Vol. 109, No. 18 ed.). May 3, 1997. p. 62.
  29. ^ a b c d e Rex Weiner (December 2, 1997). "New Epic librarian". Variety. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g Eller, Claudia (October 23, 1998). "MGM Agrees to Acquire PolyGram Movie Library". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  31. ^ Joanne Legomsky (October 17, 1999). "Investing; Take 3 for Kerkorian: The Rebuilding of MGM - The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  32. ^ "MGM Regains Rights to Films - The New York Times". The New York Times. September 16, 1999. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference vty was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Willcock, John (February 24, 1999). "People & Business: Movie moves - Business - News". The Independent. London. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  35. ^ Orwall, Bruce (June 22, 1999). "Fox Enters Deal With MGM On International Distribution". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  36. ^ "Company News; Mgm Agrees to Buy Stake in 4 Cable Channels - The New York Times". The New York Times. February 2, 2001. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  37. ^ Andrew Ross Sorkin And Geraldine Fabrikant (July 30, 2003). "The Media Business; MGM Withdraws Bid for Vivendi Entertainment Units - The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  38. ^ Geraldine Fabrikant (July 1, 2003). "MGM to Sell Its Stake in Three Cable Channels". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  39. ^ a b Barnes, Mike (June 13, 2016). "Darcie Denkert, Broadway Producer and MGM Executive, Dies at 64". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  40. ^ Rempel 2002, p. 340.
  41. ^ "Sony nabs MGM for $5B, source says". Money.cnn.com. September 14, 2004. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  42. ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". January 14, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)[dead link‍]
  43. ^ a b c Pamela McClintock (September 26, 2008). "Weinstein Co., MGM cut short deal". Variety. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  44. ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". April 26, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)[dead link‍]
  45. ^ "Why Sony Is Now A Bit Player At MGM". BusinessWeek. November 20, 2006. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  46. ^ "MGM Expands Worldwide Television Distribution Group". Retrieved October 24, 2006.
  47. ^ "MGM To Handle U.S. Syndication Sales For New Line Television". Retrieved December 16, 2006.
  48. ^ Paquet, Darcy (March 16, 2006). "Leo pounces on Asia park". Variety. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  49. ^ "MGM Puts Cruise in Charge of New United Artists". USA Today. November 2, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  50. ^ Petrecca, Laura; Lieberman, David (November 2, 2006). "Tom Cruise, producing partner cut a deal with United Artists". Zap2it. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  51. ^ "MGM Partners With Tom Cruise and Paula Wagner to Form New United Artists". Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. PR Newswire. November 2, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008.
  52. ^ "MGM brings classic movies to iTunes - Monsters and Critics". Tech.monstersandcritics.com. April 12, 2007. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  53. ^ "MGM bows first U.K. web". Variety. December 14, 2009. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  54. ^ "Topic Galleries". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  55. ^ . January 16, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20081226095235/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6608561.html. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved January 23, 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  56. ^ Yao, Deborah (August 12, 2008). "Comcast, MGM to launch action movie VOD channel". USA Today. AP. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  57. ^ Cheng, Jacqui (November 10, 2008). "MGM will be first major studio to put full movies on YouTube". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  58. ^ "Enter MGM Film Company's theme park Yeongjong Island". ND Soft News (in Korean). Korea News Newspaper Co., Ltd. April 15, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Google Translate.
  59. ^ MacDonald, Brady (November 17, 2011). "Robot Land theme park planned in South Korea". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  60. ^ a b "Relativity Media Seeks Controlling Stake in MGM". TheWrap. May 17, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  61. ^ a b c McNary, Dave (July 15, 2009). "MGM puts skeptics at ease". Variety. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  62. ^ At least one other major news outlet claims the debt service is $300 million a year. See: Barnes, "MGM Replaces Chief Executive", The New York Times, August 18, 2009.
  63. ^ a b c d e Brookes Barnes (August 18, 2009). "MGM Ousts Its C.E.O. and Hires Turnaround Expert". The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  64. ^ Peter Bart EVP and Editorial Director @MrPeterBart (August 18, 2009). "Town reacts to MGM's new lionkeeper". Variety. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  65. ^ DiOrio, Carl. "Firm Scoops Up MGM Debt." The Hollywood Reporter. May 18, 2009.
  66. ^ DiOrio, Carl. "MGM Looks to Avoid Bankruptcy." The Hollywood Reporter. May 27, 2009.
  67. ^ DiOrio, Carl. "Relativity Ally Buys MGM Debt." The Hollywood Reporter. May 19, 2009.
  68. ^ Lauria, Peter (April 3, 2009). "Relativity Kills Deal With Mgm | New York Post". Nypost.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  69. ^ Sandler, Linda (November 3, 2010). "MGM Studios Files Bankruptcy, Rejecting Icahn Bid". Bloomberg. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  70. ^ "MGM files for bankruptcy, rejects bid; Providence Equity flagged as a 'loser' - Providence Business News". Pbn.com. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  71. ^ a b "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". February 15, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)[dead link‍]
  72. ^ McNary, Dave (August 18, 2009). "Harry Sloan out at MGM as CEO". Variety. Archived from the original on November 2, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  73. ^ "MGM gets a little breathing room on its interest payments | Company Town | Los Angeles Times". October 1, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  74. ^ Eller, Claudia (February 26, 2010). "As MGM mulls its future, the show goes on". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
  75. ^ Bloomberg (February 26, 2010). "MGM asks potential buyers to submit bids by mid-March –". Nypost.com. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  76. ^ Kawamoto, Dawn (November 3, 2010). "MGM Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy". Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  77. ^ Agard, Chancellor (December 20, 2010). "MGM out of bankruptcy | News Briefs | EW.com". News-briefs.ew.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  78. ^ McNary, Dave (December 20, 2010). "MGM restructuring becomes official". Variety. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  79. ^ Albiniak, Paige (January 4, 2011). "MGM, Weigel Taking Me-TV Nationwide". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  80. ^ "MGM launches classic TV service to roar like the Fonz | Company Town |". Los Angeles Times. January 4, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  81. ^ Nikki Finke (February 8, 2011). "Sony About To Recapture James Bond #23; Update: MGM Leverages 007 For Deal On Sony's 'The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  82. ^ Fritz, Ben (February 8, 2011). "Sony finalizing distribution and co-financing deal with MGM, including next two 'Bond' films". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  83. ^ Nikki Finke (April 2011). "TOLDJA! MGM Makes Distribution Deal With Sony Pictures That Includes James Bond". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  84. ^ Fleming, Mike. "MGM Re-Ups DVD Deal With Fox Through 2016". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  85. ^ Hipes, Patrick (January 8, 2016). "MGM & 20th Century Fox Renew Home Entertainment Deal". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
  86. ^ McNary, Dave (February 17, 2011). "MGM looks ahead with 'Mr. Mom,' 'Idolmaker'". Variety. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  87. ^ "MGM Finally Comes Back from the Dead with 5 Projects including Remakes of RoboCop and Poltergeist". Collider.com. November 20, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  88. ^ Ben Fritz (December 13, 2011). "MGM film studio remade with a low-profile and a focused strategy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  89. ^ "'Red Dawn' remake to come out next year from FilmDistrict". Los Angeles Times. September 26, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  90. ^ "Joss Whedon's 'Cabin In The Woods' With 'Thor's Chris Hemsworth Going To Lionsgate". Deadline Hollywood. April 28, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  91. ^ Nikki Finke (October 3, 2012). "MGM's Roger Birnbaum Steps Down To Return To Producing; Gary Barber Now Revived Studio's Sole Chairman & CEO". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  92. ^ Malone, Michael (May 2, 2014). "Exclusive: MGM Launches Digi-Net The Works". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
  93. ^ Torrelio, Sebastian (September 11, 2014). "Orion Pictures Label Returns for First Time in 15 Years". Variety. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  94. ^ Lodderhose, Diana (March 27, 2017). "MGM & Annapurna Seal Multi-Year Movie Distribution Deal". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  95. ^ McNary, Dave (October 31, 2017). "MGM, Annapurna Form U.S. Distribution Partnership". Variety. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  96. ^ a b Donnelly, Matt (February 5, 2019). "Annapurna, MGM Joint Distribution Venture Rebrands as United Artists Releasing". Variety. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  97. ^ MGM & 20th Century Fox Renew Home Entertainment Deal, deadline.com
  98. ^ "Weinstein Co Talking to 22 Buyers, $300 Million Expected Price, Bob Weinstein Must Exit". The Wrap. October 26, 2017.
  99. ^ McNary, Dave (March 20, 2018). "MGM Shakeup: Gary Barber Out as CEO". Variety. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  100. ^ McNary, Dave (April 9, 2019). "George Clooney's Smokehouse Pictures Signs First-Look Deal With MGM". Variety. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  101. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (April 9, 2019). "'Avengers: Endgame' Helmers Joe & Anthony Russo's AGBO To Godfather Remakes Of MGM Library Title IP". Deadline. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  102. ^ Moreau, Jordan (June 6, 2019). "MGM and Bron Creative Enter $100 Million Co-Financing Deal". Variety. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  103. ^ Donnelly, Matt (April 24, 2020). "MGM Hit With Layoffs Across Studio, United Artists Releasing Furloughs Third of Staff (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  104. ^ McNary, Dave (May 1, 2020). "Cassidy Lange, Adam Rosenberg Departing as MGM Co-Presidents of Production". Variety. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  105. ^ Hayes, Dade (May 7, 2020). "MGM Takes Stake In Audio Up, A Podcast Producer And Network". Deadline. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  106. ^ McNary, Dave (May 21, 2020). "Killer Films Signs First-Look Deals With MGM for Feature Films, Television". Variety. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  107. ^ Maddaus, Gene (May 4, 2020). "Starz Accuses MGM of Massive Breach of Exclusivity Agreements". Variety. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  108. ^ Shafer, Ellise (December 21, 2020). "MGM Is Exploring a Sale of Its Studio". Variety. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  109. ^ Sweney, Mark (December 22, 2020). "Hollywood studio MGM puts itself up for sale at $5bn". Variety. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
  110. ^ a b "MGM Holdings Inc. For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2011" (PDF). WebCite. February 5, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  111. ^ a b c d e Vincent, Roger; Eller, Claudia (August 8, 1993). "MGM to move from luxurious Century City offices - Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  112. ^ a b [dead link‍]Fixmer, Andy. "Yahoo signing for office space that MGM is leaving behind". AllBusiness. Los Angeles Business Journal. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  113. ^ "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. Investor Homepage". Archived from the original on October 6, 2000. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  114. ^ . June 10, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150610211934/http://www.mgm.com/corporate/section/reorganization/index.html. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  115. ^ Mark Oldman; Samer Hamadeh (2005). The Internship Bible (10th ed.). Princeton Review. p. 282.
  116. ^ Welsh, James M.; Cahir, Linda Costanzo (2006). Literature Into film: Theory and Practical Approaches. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 0786425970.
  117. ^ Naremore, James; Brantlinger, Patrick (1991). Modernity and Mass Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253206278.
  118. ^ a b Wayne, Jane Ellen (2004). The Golden Girls of MGM: Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Lana Turner, Judy Garland, Ava Gardner, Grace Kelly, and Others (Reprint ed.). New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0786713038.
  119. ^ a b c Corey, Melinda; Ochoa, George; Berliner, Barbara (1990). The Book of Answers: the New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service's Most Unusual and Entertaining Questions (1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671761927.
  120. ^ Sheed, Wilfrid (2008). The house that George Built: With a Little Help from Irving, Cole, and a Crew of About Fifty (1st ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0812970180.
  121. ^ a b Silvester, Christopher (1998). The Grove Book of Hollywood (1st ed.). New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0802138780.
  122. ^ Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982). Listening to America: An Illustrated History of Words and Phrases From Our Lively and Splendid Past (1st ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671248952.
  123. ^ a b Crabb, Kelly Charles (2005). The Movie Business: The Definitive Guide to the Legal and Financial Secrets of Getting Your Movie. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0743264924.
  124. ^ Fordin, Hugh (1996). M-G-M's Greatest Musicals: The Arthur Freed Unit (1st ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306807300.
  125. ^ Stillman, William; Scarfone, Jay (2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic (Revised ed.). New York: Wayne State U.P. ISBN 1557836248.
  126. ^ Doherty, Thomas (1999). Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231110952.
  127. ^ Hark, Ina Rae (2007). American Cinema of the 1930s: Themes and Variations. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813540825.
  128. ^ Dardis, Tom (1988). Keaton, the Man Who Wouldn't Lie Down (1st ed.). New York: Limelight Editions. ISBN 0879101172.
  129. ^ Walker, Alexander (2001). Elizabeth (1st ed.). New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0802137695.
  130. ^ Fleming, E.J. (2005). The Fixers: Eddie Mannix, Howard Strickling, and the MGM Publicity Machine. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0786420278.
  131. ^ Dietz, Howard (1974). Dancing in the Dark with Howard Dietz. New York: Quadrangle / The New York Times Book Co. ISBN 0812904397.
  132. ^ Carey, Gary (1982). All the Stars in Heaven: Louis B. Mayer's MGM (1st ed.). London: Robson Books. ISBN 0525052453.
  133. ^ "MGM Studios Unveils New Brand Evolution". Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  134. ^ Delugach, Al (June 7, 1986). "Turner Sells Fabled MGM but Keeps a Lion's Share". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
  135. ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (October 11, 1996). "Holders Back Time Warner-Turner Merger". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
  136. ^ a b c d Kehr, Dave (September 27, 2005). "New DVD's". The New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  137. ^ "MGM Regains Video Rights; $225 Million Deal to Help Sell DVDS. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  138. ^ a b Fabrikant, Geraldine (March 18, 1995). "International Business; Sale of MGM May Not Be Top Priority". The New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  139. ^ Cole, Robert J. (May 16, 1981). "M-G-M Is Reported Purchasing United Artists For $350 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  140. ^ Kehr, Dave (March 27, 2008). "Four Stars' Bright Idea Still Shines 90 Years On". The New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  141. ^ "Monogram Pictures Corporation Library: Who Owns What Today". dukefilmography.com. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  142. ^ Metromedia International deal completed, UPI, November 1, 1995
  143. ^ "The Other Manson Family or Bottom Feeding In The Overseas Distribution Aquarium - An Exploitative Memoir". World Cinema Paradise. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
  144. ^ Weiner, Rex (July 11, 1997). "MGM ends Orion orbit". Variety. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
  145. ^ Frankel, Daniel (October 22, 1998). "MGM Acquires Lion's Share of PolyGram". E!. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  146. ^ "COMPANY NEWS; MGM SAYS IT WILL BUY POLYGRAM'S MOVIE LIBRARY". The New York Times. October 23, 1998. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  147. ^ Seideman, Tony (August 16, 1986). "$85 Mil Buys Embassy". Billboard. 98 (33): 4. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
  148. ^ "Interview with David Schmoeller (Puppet Master, Tourist Trap)". Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
  149. ^ Macek III, J.C. (June 9, 2014). "The Rise Fall and Rise of Marvel Comics on Film Part 2: The Road Out of Development Hell". PopMatters. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  150. ^ Cite error: The named reference vty2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  151. ^ Cite error: The named reference vty3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  152. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  153. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  154. ^ "MGM cements int'l network with Lusomundo, Selim Ramia deals".
  155. ^ a b "Q3 2017 Financial Report" (PDF). MGM.com. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
  156. ^ a b "Q2 2018 Financial Report" (PDF). MGM.com.
  157. ^ a b "Q3 2017 Financial Report" (PDF). MGM.com.
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "fu" is not used in the content (see the help page).

Bibliography

edit
  • Hay, Peter (1991). MGM: When the Lion Roars. Turner Publications. ISBN 9781878685049.
  • Rempel, William C. (2018). The gambler : how penniless dropout Kirk Kerkorian became the greatest deal maker in capitalist history. New York, NY, USA: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062456779.

Further reading

edit
  • Altman, Diana (1992). Hollywood East: Louis B. Mayer and the Origins of the Studio System. Carol Publishing.
  • Bart, Peter (1990). Fade Out: The Calamitous Final Days of MGM. Morrow.
  • Crowther, Bosley (1957). The Lion's Share: The Story of an Entertainment Empire. E.P. Dutton and Company.
  • Dixon, Wheeler W. (2012). Death of the moguls : the end of classical Hollywood.
  • Eames, John Douglas (1975). The MGM Story. Octopus.
  • Vieira, Mark A. (2008). Hollywood Dreams Made Real: Irving Thalberg and the Rise of M-G-M. Abrams.
  • International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 25. Detroit: St. James Press. 1999. ISBN 9781558623675.</ref>
  • Rudolph, Kalie (June 28, 2011). "The Golden Era of Hollywood: The Making of The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind". Voces Novae: Chapman University Historical Review. 3 (1). Archived from the original on May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Alaney2k/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer&oldid=1060926015"