Unity Theatre, London

 

The theatre grew from the Workers' Theatre Movement, formed in the East End of London.^[4] This was an attempt to bring contemporary social and political issues to a working class audience; it introduced plays by, about and for workers. The company used agitprop theatre techniques to highlight the suffering of unemployment and hunger marches in the Great Depression and to challenge the rise of Nazism in Germany and Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists. They sought to show the republican struggle in Spain.^[5]

The company was notable for pioneering new dramatic forms, such as company-devised documentary pieces, 'Living Newspapers' and satirical pantomimes, including Babes in the Wood (whose cast included Bill Owen, Mark Cheney, Vida Hope, Alfie Bass and Una Brandon-Jones).^[6] Ann Davies appeared as Robin Hood (the Principal Boy) in a political version of the pantomime Babes in the Wood which lampooned Neville Chamberlain's appeasement policy and had her as saviour in a Russian uniform. The production ran for seven months and Montagu Slater credited the play with making real political change.^[7]

The theatre also created Plant In The Sun (starring Paul Robeson, along with Alfie Bass).^[6] The improvisational technique brought them into conflict with the Lord Chamberlain's Office, who retained the right to approve theatre scripts under the Theatres Act 1843. Nevertheless, the company managed to present important works throughout the 1930s, and audiences, suspicious of politics as usual, and tired of the light and fluffy entertainments designed for the upper classes, responded.^[1] There was a ban on theatre at the outbreak of war, but once lifted, the theatre remained active throughout World War II. The company also provided groups of entertainers to tour factories and air-raid shelters.^[6]

In addition, there was an associated Unity Theatre School. Unity was a volunteer theatre, neither fully amateur, nor professional (apart from a short-lived professional company founded in 1946 by Ted Willis) and loosely linked to a national network. By the outbreak of World War II, there were more than 250 branches throughout the country. The end of theatrical censorship in 1968 meant that mainstream theatre could perform more radical plays, and the movement fell into decline, with the London theatre closing after a fire in 1975.^[6]

According to The New York Times, "...it finally expired in 1983 because it represented a spirit of old-fashioned opposition and could not find its place in a more strident and increasingly prosperous age."^[1] Attempts were made to revive the theatre in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and for a while a studio theatre was created in Somers Town (in the space now occupied by Camden People's Theatre), but today, while the Unity Theatre Trust continues in London, only the Unity Theatre, Liverpool retains an active theatre under the Unity Theatre name.^[2] However, Unity Theatre Cardiff has been in continuous existence since its formation in 1942. The company left the Unity Theatre movement in 1948, and was renamed Everyman Theatre Cardiff. Despite leaving the movement, the company continues to adhere to much of the Unity ethos, and remains neither fully amateur nor professional.

 

Unity introduced new writers, both British and international, presenting Señora Carrara's Rifles (1938), the first Brecht play in Britain and premières of Clifford Odets's Waiting for Lefty, Seán O'Casey's The Star Turns Red (1940), Strike and The Musical Adventures of Mr. Pickwick by Arnold Hinchliffe, and Jean-Paul Sartre's Nekrassov (1956).^[5] The theatre also helped popularise the plays of Maxim Gorky. British television writer Malcolm Hulke worked with the company during the 1950s and 60s.^[8]

Notable actors associated with Unity Theatre have included Alfie Bass, Una Brandon-Jones, Michael Gambon, Julian Glover, Jack Grossman, Harry Landis, Michael Redgrave, Herbert Lom, Vida Hope, Bob Hoskins, David Kossoff, Warren Mitchell, Bill Owen, who was then known as Bill Rowbotham, Eric Paice, Ted Willis and Roger Woddis.^[6] During the war, Ann Davies became the theatre's first woman president.^[7]

Notable musicians associated with the theatre included Lionel Bart, composers Alan Bush, and Christian Darnton, conductor David Ellenberg, pianist James Gibb, baritone John Goss, piano duo Mary and Geraldine Peppin, and composer John Sykes.^[9] Bart's earliest contributions were lyrics for the revue Turn It Up. Bart also wrote the lyrics for an agitprop version of Cinderella and also wrote a revue called Peacemeal and a play called Wally Pone for the group.^[10]

• Jack Firestein
• Heinz Bernard (theatre manager 1956–1964)

• Colin Chambers. The story of Unity Theatre (1990)
• Malcolm Hulke. Here is drama: behind the scenes at Unity Theatre, London (1961)

• Everyman Theatre Cardiff
• Everyman Open Air Theatre Festival
• 'London Unity Theatre', Working Class Movement Library
• Information about the history of Unity Theatre
• Review of a film about the theatre
• Unity Theatre Records, 1931-1960 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center
• The records of the Unity Theatre Company are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department.
• The People's Museum, Somers Town holds a collection of programmes, posters and memorabilia.

51°32′6″N 0°7′59″W / 51.53500°N 0.13306°W / 51.53500; -0.13306