Known for the first few months of its existence as Orvis Nelson Air Transport (or ONAT), Transocean Air Lines was a supplemental air carrier, a type of US airline defined and regulated by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), the now defunct Federal agency that, from 1938 to 1978, tightly regulated almost all US commercial air transportation. During the time the airline operated, supplemental airlines were charter/scheduled hybrids, legally able to operate a limited amount of scheduled service, which Transocean did, especially towards the end of its existence. Transocean was based in Oakland, California.[1] The airline was among the most operationally capable of the supplemental airlines, regularly operating many thousands of miles from the United States. At times it accounted for over 20% of the revenue of all supplemental air carriers, and it usually was the largest supplemental by revenue. However, Transocean fell on increasingly hard financial times during the 1950s and ceased operating in 1960.
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| Founded | 21 May 1946 incorporated in California | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commenced operations | 18 March 1946 as Orvis Nelson Air Transport | ||||||
| Ceased operations | January 1960 | ||||||
| Operating bases | Oakland, California | ||||||
| Parent company | The Transocean Corporation of California (1956–1960) | ||||||
| Headquarters | Oakland, California United States | ||||||
| Founder | Orvis M. Nelson | ||||||
| Notes | |||||||
(1) IATA, ICAO codes were the same until the 1980s | |||||||
History
editTransocean founder Orvis Marcus Nelson was an Air Transport Command (ATC) pilot during World War II. Upon the end of the war in August 1945, he was sent to Okinawa, where he and several other aviators attempted to organize a new Japanese domestic airline with assistance from United Air Lines. United president Pat Patterson was not interested in the proposal, but introduced Nelson to General Douglas MacArthur, who also rejected the proposal.[2][3]
Nelson returned to the United States and flew for several months as a United pilot, but was recruited by United management to organize a new airline operation in March 1946. The new airline would fulfill an ATC contract to provide military airlift service between San Francisco and Honolulu using surplus C-54 aircraft. ONAT's first flight operated on March 18,[4][5] and thereafter the airline carried many American soldiers and sailors home from the South Pacific theater.[6]
Transocean Air Lines was incorporated in California on 21 May 1946.[7] On 13 October 1955, the name of the corporation changed to The Transocean Corporation of California[8] (TCC) and a separate Transocean Air Lines was incorporated.[9] In 1956 the CAB approved the transfer of the operating authority to the new Transocean Air Lines and TCC became a holding company for the airline and its subsidiaries.[10]
Later in 1946, TAL was contracted by Philippine Airlines to provide a transpacific DC-4 charter service between the United States and the Philippines, which was for a brief time in 1946 the only commercial flight operating between the United States and East Asia. The service was extended to Shanghai, Bangkok, and Karachi later that year.[3]
Transocean provided personnel for Pak-Air, an airline in the newly formed country of Pakistan, from 1947 to 1949.[11]
In 1948 Transocean began to operate twice weekly service between Caracas and Rome after making a deal with the Venezuelan government. By this time, it operated 16 maintenance bases in Europe and the Pacific region.[12]
The Chinese Nationalist Air Force hired Transocean to ferry 157 Curtis C-46 transport aircraft from California to Shanghai in 1948. Transocean refitted each aircraft with additional fuel tanks to extend its range to 2,600 miles and flew the aircraft to China via Honolulu, Wake Island, Guam, and Okinawa.[11]
The Civil Aeronautics Board charged Transocean with illegally transporting passengers overseas in 1948; Transocean argued that the CAB had no jurisdiction over charter flights, beginning a legal fight which continued into the 1950s. Thereafter, in 1949 and 1950, Transocean received special permission to conduct transatlantic charter flights.[13]
In 1949, the airline was tapped by the Department of the Interior and United Nations to provide air service to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands from a base at Guam, using four SA-16 Albatross flying boats for this service. Pan American took over operation of the Trust Territory service upon TAL's bankruptcy.[14]
Transocean assisted in the startup of Air Djibouti in 1949 and was thereafter involved in the startup of Air Jordan.[11] It was one of the operating carriers of the Berlin Airlift and provided around 10% of the US military's airlift requirements for the Korean War.[15]
Transocean provided the initial equipment and crews for Japan Airlines in 1951 (fulfilling a contract originally signed by Northwest Airlines), and in 1952 signed an agreement to provide crews, dispatchers, and instructors to train JAL's local personnel. Transocean also supplied mechanics and instructors to start up JAL's maintenance operation.[11]
In 1952 Transocean entered into a wet lease agreement to operate cargo flights for Scandinavian Airlines.[16]
In 1953 the government of Afghanistan hired Transocean to provide weekly Kabul-Kandahar-Jerusalem-Cairo air service.[11]
| 1952[17] | 1953[18] | 1954[19] | 1955[20] | 1956[21] | 1957[22] | 1958[23] | 1959[24] | 1960[24] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USD 000: | |||||||||
| Operating revenue | 17,184 | 9,792 | 9,003 | 7,000 | 7,853 | 12,194 | 17,891 | 12,909 | 88 |
| Profit (loss) before tax | 4,345 | (899) | (1,589) | (68) | (811) | (1,971) | (3,056) | (6,709) | (5,406) |
| % of operating revenue: | |||||||||
| Military charter | 78.3 | 69.5 | 19.5 | 22.7 | 33.3 | 35.7 | 24.7 | 0.0 | |
| Civilian charter | 6.5 | 6.7 | 10.5 | 7.7 | 0.9 | 7.3 | 18.5 | 0.0 | |
| Scheduled | 11.9 | 22.3 | 37.4 | 29.5 | 34.5 | 33.7 | 53.2 | 90.9 | |
| Other | 30.3 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 32.5 | 40.0 | 31.4 | 23.4 | 3.6 | 9.1 |
| Operating revenue: | |||||||||
| % of industry(1) | 24.1 | 14.0 | 16.5 | 9.1 | 11.6 | 24.2 | 27.4 | 16.9 | 0.1 |
| Industry(1) rank | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Bankruptcy and legacy
editIn the 1950s, Transocean attempted to obtain certification to serve Asia through Hawaii and Guam, a market then mainly served by Pan Am and being contested by several other airlines. Transocean's request was denied by the Civil Aeronautics Board in 1955. Thereafter, the company attempted a reorganization with outside financing so that it could procure new aircraft, but by the time CAB approval was obtained in 1959, Transocean was already in dire financial straits.[25]
Transocean stopped operating January 1960.[26] The airline bankruptcy later that year.[27] Historians are divided as to the causes of its demise, with some citing government interference with its core business and others citing Nelson's reckless management practices.[15]
A half-century after the airline's demise, nearly 200 of their former employees – and now their children and grandchildren – are members of the Taloa Alumni Association. The Transocean group meets for a reunion every year.[28]
Ernest K. Gann and Slonnie Sloniger worked at Transocean.
Destinations
editAccording to its October 27, 1958 system timetable, Transocean was operating scheduled passenger service with Lockheed Constellation propliners on the following routes:[29]
- Burbank (BUR) – Honolulu (HNL) – operated three days a week round trip
- Oakland (OAK) – Honolulu (HNL) – operated three days a week round trip
- Oakland (OAK) – Burbank (BUR) – Chicago Midway Airport (MDW) – New York Idlewild Airport (IDL, now JFK Airport) – Hartford (BDL) – operated twice a week round trip
- Oakland (OAK) – Honolulu (HNL) – Wake Island (AWK) – Guam (GUM) – Okinawa (OKA) – operated twice a week round trip
Fleet
editAircraft operated by Transocean Air Lines[30] Total: 146 aircraft, of which 68 were DC-4s. In addition, Taloa Academy of Aeronautics had a total of 56 single-engined trainers at its peak.[31] Not all aircraft were used at the same time, see fleet history website
- 8 – Boeing 377 Stratocruiser from 1958–60
- 1 – Cessna 170
- 1 – Cessna 182
- 1 – Cessna T-50 from 1948
- 5 – Consolidated PBY Catalina from 1949–58
- 2 – Convair CV-340
- 16 – Curtis C-46 Commando
- 9 – Douglas DC-3
- 68 – Douglas DC-4 from 1946–60
- 1 – Douglas DC-6B
- 4 – Grumman G-44 Widgeon
- 1 – Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar
- 3 – Lockheed L-749A Constellation from 1958–59
- 2 – Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation from 1958–59
- 13 – Martin 2-0-2
- 4 – Noorduyn Norseman from 1950–52
- 1 – Piper PA-18 Super Cub from 1950–52
- 1 – Stinson Reliant from 1950–52
As of 30 September 1953, the fleet comprised:[32]
Accidents and incidents
editDuring almost 14 years of continuous airline activity Transocean's total casualties were 90 passengers and 16 crew.[33]
- 15 August 1949: A Transocean Air Lines Douglas C-54A (N79998) ditched 7 mi off Lurga Point, Ireland due to fuel exhaustion after the pilot overflew Shannon Airport, where they were due to refuel, and attempted to return; all 58 passengers and crew evacuated the aircraft, but seven passengers and one crew member either drowned or died of exposure. The aircraft was flying from Rome to New York.[34]
- 5 November 1951: Transocean Air Lines Flight 5763, a Martin 2-0-2 (N93039), crashed in fog at Tucumcari Airport, New Mexico, killing one of 29 on board.[35]
- 30 December 1951: Transocean Air Lines Flight 501, a Curtiss C-46 Commando (N68963), crashed near Fairbanks, Alaska due to spatial disorientation caused by pilot error, killing all four passengers and crew on board; the wreckage was found on January 3, 1952.[36]
- 20 March 1953: Transocean Air Lines Flight 942, a Douglas C-54G (N88942, former USAAF 45-623) crashed in a field 12 mi southwest of Alvarado, California killing all 35 passengers and crew on board. The official cause was an unexplained loss of control, with investigators noting that icing might possibly explain the loss of control.[37]
- 12 July 1953: Transocean Air Lines Flight 512, a Douglas DC-6A, N90806, crashed in the Pacific Ocean 344 mi east of Wake Island, killing all 58 passengers and crew on board. The accident investigation was unable to determine why, due to being unable to recover any primary structure of the aircraft.[38]
In popular culture
editThe 1954 film The High and the Mighty featured a thinly-disguised Transocean Douglas DC-4. The aircraft (N4665V) feaatured in the daylight flying sequences and the Honolulu "gate" sequence was a former C-54A-10-DC built as a military transport in 1942 at Long Beach, California, by Douglas Aircraft Company and named The African Queen. The exterior and flying sequences were filmed in November 1953. Ernest K. Gann wrote the original novel while he was flying DC-4s for Transocean over the Hawaii-California routes. The film's fictional airline's name "TOPAC" was painted over the Transocean's red, white and yellow color scheme for filming.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "ONAT (Orvis Nelson Air Transport Company)". Airline History. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ "Destined to Fly". TALOA. Retrieved 2023-01-09. From Arue Szura, Folded Wings: A History of Transocean Air Lines, Pictorial Histories Publishing Company.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b "Transocean Airways – A Look Back – May 23, 2014 | Robert Novell". Retrieved 2023-01-10.
- ^ "Transocean Begins Weekly C-54 Service to Philippines". Aviation News. 6 (8): 24. 19 August 1946. ISSN 0005-2175.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Launius, Roger D. (2000). "Right Man, Right Place, Right Time? Orvis M. Nelson and the Politics of Supplemental Air Carriers". In Lewis, W. David (ed.). Airline Executives and Federal Regulation. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press. pp. 322–355.
- ^ "ONAT". TALOA. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
- ^ "Business search results for entity 0205916 The Transocean Corporation of California". California Secretary of State Business Search. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ "Amendment of 10/13/1055, Control ID LBA27145009 under View History results for entity 0205916 The Transocean Corporation of California". California Secretary of State Business Search. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ "Business search results for entity 0310517 Transocean Air Lines". California Secretary of State Business Search. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ "Transocean Air Lines et al., Control and Interlocking Relationships Case". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 23. Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office: 439–455. January–August 1956. hdl:2027/osu.32435022360507.
- ^ a b c d e "Transocean Airways – A look Back (Part Two) | Robert Novell". Retrieved 2023-01-10.
- ^ "AVIATION: Flying Handyman". Time. 1948-11-22. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
- ^ Goldklang, Jack (1962). "Transatlantic Charter Policy - A Study in Airline Regulation". Journal of Air Law and Commerce. 28: 99.
- ^ "The Trust Territory". TALOA. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
- ^ a b Launius, Roger (2014-06-16). "Orvis Nelson and the Transocean Air Lines Experience". Roger Launius's Blog. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
- ^ Sundberg, Jacob (1961). Air Charter: A Study in Legal Development (PDF). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt.
- ^ Quarterly Report of Air Carrier Operating Factors (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. March 1954. p. 62. hdl:2027/mdp.39015026081284.
- ^ Quarterly Report of Air Carrier Operating Factors (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. March 1955. p. 74. hdl:2027/mdp.39015026081284.
- ^ Quarterly Report of Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. March 1956. p. 54. hdl:2027/mdp.39015026081276.
- ^ Quarterly Report of Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. March 1957. p. 59. hdl:2027/mdp.39015026081276.
- ^ Quarterly Report of Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. March 1958. p. 81. hdl:2027/mdp.39015026081490.
- ^ Quarterly Report of Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. March 1959. p. 78. hdl:2027/mdp.39015026081490.
- ^ Quarterly Report of Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. March 1960. p. 81. hdl:2027/mdp.39015026081482.
- ^ a b Quarterly Report of Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. March 1961. p. 87. hdl:2027/mdp.39015026081482.
- ^ "End of a Golden Age". TALOA. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
- ^ Transocean Out of Race For Regular Coast Hops, Honolulu Star-Advertiser, 6 February 1960
- ^ "14 Airliners Sold as Scrap" (PDF). The New York Times. 3 September 1960.
- ^ "TALOA Alumni Association". Archived from the original on 30 August 2010.
- ^ "Transocean Air Lines system timetable". 27 October 1958.
- ^ "Aircraft operated by Transocean Air Lines". Archived from the original on 28 July 2011.
- ^ "Taloa Academy of Aeronautics". Archived from the original on 28 July 2011.
- ^ "Large Irregular Air Carrier Investigation". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 28. Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office: 474. December 1958 – February 1959. hdl:2027/osu.32437011657877.
- ^ "Airline/Operator "Tr-Tz"". Retrieved 2020-09-22.
- ^ Accident Investigation Report: Transocean Air Lines, Inc., Shannon, Ireland, August 15, 1949 (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. 15 September 1950. doi:10.21949/1500501. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ Accident Investigation Report: Transocean Air Lines,—Tucumcari, New Mexico, November 5, 1951 (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. 23 June 1952. doi:10.21949/1500551. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ Accident Investigation Report: Transocean Air Lines—Near Fairbanks, Alaska, December 30, 1951 (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. 23 June 1952. doi:10.21949/1500558. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ Accident Investigation Report: Transocean Air Lines, Alvarado, California, March 20, 1953 (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. 14 October 1953. doi:10.21949/1500588. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ Accident Investigation Report: Transocean Air Lines—300 Miles East of Wake Island, July 12, 1953 (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. 12 March 1953. doi:10.21949/1500596. Retrieved 19 September 2024.