The Steerage

 

In June 1907 Stieglitz and his family sailed to Europe to visit relatives and friends. They booked passage on the SS Kaiser Wilhelm II, one of the largest and fastest ships in the world at that time. Stieglitz's wife Emmy insisted on first class accommodations, and the family had a fine stateroom on the upper decks. According to Stieglitz, sometime after their third day of travel he went for a walk around the ship and came upon a viewpoint that looked down toward the lower class passengers area, known on most ships as the steerage.^[1] Photography historian Beaumont Newhall wrote that it is likely the photo was taken while the ship was anchored at Plymouth, England, because the angle of the shadows indicates it was facing west, not east as it would have been while crossing the ocean. In addition there does not seem to be any sign of wind in the scene, which would have been ever present while the ship was moving.^[3]

The scene Stieglitz saw is described above. He did not have his camera with him, and he raced back to his cabin to get it. At that time he was using a hand-held 4×5 Auto-Graflex that used glass plate negatives. Stieglitz found he had only one glass plate prepared at the time, and he quickly returned to the viewpoint and captured the one and only picture of the scene.^[4]

He was not able to develop the plate until he arrived in Paris nearly a week later. He reported he went to the Eastman Kodak Company in Paris to use their darkroom but was referred to a local photographer instead. He went to the photographer's home and developed the plate there. The name of the photographer who lent his facility is unknown. Stieglitz offered to pay the photographer for the use of his darkroom and materials but he said the photographer told him, "I know who you are and it's an honor to have you in my darkroom." Stieglitz kept the developed image in its original plate holder to protect it until he returned to New York several weeks later.^[1]

Stieglitz later said he immediately recognized this image as "another milestone in photography...a step in my own evolution, a spontaneous discovery",^[1] but this claim is challenged by several of his biographers who have pointed out that although he had many opportunities to do so he did not publish it until 1911 and did not exhibit it until 1913.^[4][5] In addition, biographer Richard Whelan states, "If he really had known that he had just produced a masterpiece, he probably would not have been so depressed during his European vacation that summer [as he indicated in several letters to friends]".^[5]

Whelan theorizes that when Stieglitz first looked at the negative he did not see the stylistic qualities he was then championing, and he set the negative aside while dealing with more pressing issues.^[4] In the period directly before and after taking The Steerage Stieglitz was still producing photos that were primarily pictorialist in style, and it would be several more years before he began to break with this tradition. The Steerage represents a "fundamental shift in Stieglitz's thinking",^[6] and, critics have said that while his mind had visualized the image when he took it he was not able to articulate his reasons for taking it until later.^[5] Also, painter Max Weber claims to have discovered the image while looking through Stieglitz's photos in 1910, and he took credit for first pointing out the aesthetic importance of the image.^[7] Whether that is true or not, it was only after Stieglitz began to seriously consider the works of modern American artists like John Marin, Arthur Dove and Weber that he finally published the image. Perhaps Stieglitz had seen the 1900 painting In the Steerage by George Luks (now in NC Museum of Art). Like the works of those artists, The Steerage is "divided, fragmented and flattened into an abstract, nearly cubistic design"^[8] and it has been cited as one of the first proto-Cubist works of art.^[9][10]

One other distraction could have been a reason why Stieglitz did not immediately publish The Steerage. While he was still in Paris on the same trip he saw for the first time and experimented with the new Autochrome Lumière process, the first commercially viable means of capturing images in color. For the next two years he was captivated by color photography, and he did not return to The Steerage and other black-and-white photos until he learned to photograph using this new process.^[4]

Stieglitz first published The Steerage in the October 1911 issue of Camera Work, which he had devoted to his own photography. It appeared the following year on the cover of the magazine section of the Saturday Evening Mail (20 April 1912), a New York weekly magazine.

It was first exhibited in a show of Stieglitz's photographs at "291" in 1913.

In 1915 Stieglitz devoted the entire No 7-8 issue of 291 to The Steerage. The only text in the issue were comments on the photo by Paul Haviland and Marius de Zayas.

There have been dozens of critical interpretations of The Steerage since it was first published. Here are some of the most prominent ones:

• "This photographer is working in the same spirit as I am." – Pablo Picasso after having seen The Steerage^[11]
• With The Steerage Stieglitz "abandoned the idea that photographs should bear some likeness to paintings and embarked on a new path to explore photos as photos in their own right".^[6]
• The Steerage dealt alternately with geometric forms constructed in spatial planes within a photographic frame and issues of social class and gender differences.^[12]
• In The Steerage, Stieglitz "demonstrated that essentially 'documentary' photographs could convey transcendental truths and fully embody all of the principles by which any graphic image was deemed 'artistic'."^[13]

According to the Key Set published by the National Gallery of Art^[14] there are five known versions of The Steerage:

1. A photogravure published in Camera Work, No 36 1911, plate 9 (Key Set #310). The image measures approximately 7+5⁄8 in × 5+15⁄16 in (194 mm × 151 mm).
2. A photogravure identified as a proof of the image published in Camera Work (Key Set #311). The image measures approximately 7+3⁄4 in × 6+1⁄4 in (200 mm × 160 mm).
3. A photogravure exhibited in several exhibitions of Stieglitz's work (Key Set #312). The image measures approximately 13+1⁄6 in × 10+5⁄8 in (330 mm × 270 mm).
4. A photogravure published on Japanese paper as an insert in the deluxe edition of the September–October 1915 issue of 291 (Key Set #313). The image measures approximately 13+1⁄8 in × 10+1⁄2 in (330 mm × 270 mm). A copy of this version sold at auction in October 2008 for US$110,500.^[15]
5. A gelatin silver photograph printed by Stieglitz sometime in the late 1920s or early 1930s (Key Set #314). The image measures approximately 4+7⁄16 in × 3+5⁄8 in (113 mm × 92 mm).

Several copies are known to exist of each version. Most are in major museums. Other prints with slightly different measurements are likely to be one of the five versions listed above. Image sizes may vary slightly from one copy to another due to paper shrinkage.

There are prints of this photograph in several public collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York, the Museum of Modern Art, in New York, the Whitney Museum of American Art, in New York, the National Gallery of Art, in Washington, D.C., the Smithsonian American Art Museum, in Washington, D.C., the Library of Congress, in Washington, D.C., The Art Institute of Chicago, the J. Paul Getty Museum, in Los Angeles, and the Princeton University Art Museum.^{[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]}

• List of photographs considered the most important