The Temple of Amada, is one of the oldest Egyptian Temples in Nubia. It was constructed during the 18th Dynasty (c. 1550–1295 BC) by Pharaoh Thutmose III. It is one of the oldest Egyptian buildings still present along Lake Nasser. In total, three generations contributed to building the temple (Thutmose III, Amenhotep II, and Thutmose IV). Minor modifications continued into the 19th Dynsaty (1295–1186 BC). The temple was dedicated to Amun-Ra and Horakhty-Ra.[1]
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 The facade of Amada temple | |
| Location | New Amada, Egypt |
| Part of | Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i)(iii)(vi) |
| Reference | 88 |
| Inscription | 1979 (3rd Session) |
During the Amarna period, Akhenaten had the name Amun destroyed throughout the temple but this was later restored by Seti I of Egypt's 19th Dynasty.[2] Various 19th Dynasty pharaohs, especially Seti I and Ramesses II, also "carried out minor restorations and added to the temple's decoration."[3] The stelas of the Viceroys of Kush Setau, Heqanakht and Messuy and that of Chancellor Bay describe their building activities under Ramesses II, Merneptah and Siptah respectively.[2] In the medieval period the temple was converted into a church.
As part of the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, along with Abu Simbel, Philae and other Nubian archaeological sites, Amada was relocated in the 1960s and inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979.[4] Over the years, the Amada Temple has undergone extensive restoration and preservation efforts to protect its invaluable heritage. [5]
Temple interior
editThe original building plan for the structure featured a pylon, forecourt and a portico which led to a sanctuary.[6] However, when Thutmose IV put a roof over the open forecourt, the pillars and walls "were decorated with offering scenes, with those involving Thutmosis IV on the left" and Thutmose III and Amenhotep II on the right.[6] The temple’s decoration shows the king in temple ritual and in the company of a wide variety of deities. [7] The reliefs and inscriptions within temple are extremely well preserved due to a layer of plaster covering them when the temple was converted into a church. Still visible today are inscriptions relating to the military exploits by Merenptah, the fourth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty, and Amenhotep II, the seventh pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty .
The finest painted reliefs are in the innermost section of the temple where Thutmose III and Amenhotep II are shown being embraced or making offerings to various Egyptian gods.[6] The left hand side of the vestibule shows Amenhotep II being crowned by Horus and Thoth and running with an oar and a hap (or navigational instrument).[6] The cult room at the side of the sanctuary contains some interesting foundation and consecration scenes for the temple which depict "the ritual of the 'stretching of the cord', the ceremonial making and laying of bricks, and the offering of the temple to its gods."[6] Although the temple has a dull and crumbling exterior, its interior features some of the most finely cut reliefs with bright and vibrant colors.[6][8]
Historical records
editThere are two important historical inscriptions from Amada temple. The earliest, dated to Year 3 of Amenhotep II, "is on a round topped stelae at the rear (eastern) wall of the sanctuary."[9] Its text describes this pharaoh's ruthless military campaign in Asia:
His Majesty returned in joy to his father Amun after he had slain with his own mace the seven chiefs in the district of Takhesy (Syria) who were then hung upside down from the prow of the boat of His Majesty.[9]
Amenhotep II goes on to describe how he hanged six of the dead chiefs "on the walls of Thebes" while the seventh was hung on the walls of Napata (a Nubian frontier city near the Fourth Cataract).[2] This was done as a clear warning to the subject Nubians of the dangerous consequences of rebellion during Amenhotep's reign. The second historical text, "on a stela engraved on the left (northern) thickness of the entrance doorway" mentions the defeat of an invasion from Libya in Year 4 of Merneptah.[9]
The temple was described by early travellers and first published by Henri Gauthier[10] in 1913.[11]
Church
editThe temple was converted into a church presumably in the 6th century. The Christians plastered the hieroglyphs with Christian paintings that survived until the 19th century. Frederic Louis Norden described them as early 1738 as depicting "the Trinity, the apostles, and divers (sic.) other saints".[12] Franz Christian Gau painted what remained of them in 1822. Already a few years later, in 1830, Jean-Jacques Rifaud and Johann Matthias Neurohr proposed to tear the Christian paintings down to access the ancient Egyptian art beneath.[13] They were destroyed soon after.
Relocation
editBetween 1964 and 1975, the temple was moved from its original location to a new site "some 65 m higher and 2.5 km away from its original site".[9] Chopping it into blocks, as was being done with the other temples, was not an option; the paintings would not have survived. Seeing that all seemed resigned to see the temple flooded by the silty waters of Lake Nasser, Christiane Desroches Noblecourt announced that France would save it. She asked two architects to propose a method for moving the temple in one piece. Their idea was to put the temple on rails and transport it hydraulically to a site a few kilometers away that was more than 60 meters higher.
The rock-cut Temple of Derr was also moved to the new site of Amada.[14]
Gallery
edit-
The Amada temple in 1822. At this date there still existed the early medieval dome which was built when the temple was converted into a church.
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The interior of Amada temple
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Remains of painted Christian saints plastered over the ancient reliefs.
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Egypt - Temple of Amada, Nubia. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection
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Inscriptions on this pillar in the hypostyle hall concern the lord of the Island of Biggeh.
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Exterior view
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Interior detail depicting Amenhotep II with natural spotlight
See also
edit- List of ancient Egyptian sites, including sites of temples
References
edit- ^ Lorna Oakes, Pyramids, Temples and Tombs of Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Atlas of the Land of the Pharaohs, Hermes House:Anness Publishing Ltd, 2003. p.204
- ^ a b c Oakes, p.205
- ^ John Baines & Jaromír Málek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Facts on File Publications New York, 1982. p.182
- ^ "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ^ "Amada Temple". Egypt Travel Gate. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
- ^ a b c d e f Oakes, p.204
- ^ "Amada Temple". egymonuments.gov.eg. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
- ^ Lonely Planet; Jessica Lee; Anthony Sattin (1 July 2018). Lonely Planet Egypt. Lonely Planet. pp. 463–. ISBN 978-1-78701-904-1.
- ^ a b c d Baines & Málek, p.182
- ^ Rosalie David, Discovering Ancient Egypt, Facts on File, 1993. p.104
- ^ Henri Gauthier, Le temple d'Amada (Cairo 1913)
- ^ Norden, Frederic Louis (1757). "Travels in Egypt and Nubia". p. 144
- ^ Jean-Jacques Rifaud & Johann Matthias Neurohr (1830) "Gemälde von Aegypten und Nubien". pp. 155-156
- ^ Christine Hobson, Exploring the World of the Pharaohs: A complete guide to Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson 1993 paperback, p.177