Syedra (Greek: Σύεδρα)[1] was an ancient port city in region of ancient Cilicia, Pamphylia, or Isauria, on the southern coast of modern-day Turkey between the towns of Alanya and Gazipaşa. Syedra was settled in the 7th century BCE, and abandoned in the 13th century CE. The town had a port at sea level and an upper town 400m above.[2] Ptolemy places it in Cilicia.[3] Stephanus of Byzantium assigns it to Isauria.[4] Hierocles places it in Pamphylia.[5]
 Ruins of Syedra in 2007 | |
  Shown within Turkey | |
| Location | Antalya Province, Turkey |
|---|---|
| Region | Cilicia, Pamphylia, Isauria |
| Coordinates | 36°26′28″N 32°9′9″E / 36.44111°N 32.15250°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Founded | 7th century BCE |
| Abandoned | 13th century CE |
| Cultures | Greek, Roman, Byzantine |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | In ruins |
The Roman historians Lucan and Florus both mention Syedra as where the Roman General Pompey held his last war council in 48 BCE, before his fatal voyage to Egypt.[6] The city experienced its height around the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, and in 194 Roman Emperor Septimius Severus praised the city's resistance of ongoing Mediterranean piracy.[7] A first century BCE inscription found in the town relates to the piracy, suggesting that the oracle, possibly of Apollo at Claros, advised the Syedrians to resist pirates with "violent battle, either driving away, or binding in unbreakable chains."[6][8] In 193 Pescennius Niger made a war with Septimius Severus in order to become the Emperor. In 194 the war was over and Pescennius Niger defeated. After the war, Septimius Severus rewarded cities that supported him with new privileges and titles, while cities which went against him were punished, lost their privileges, some even became villages (κῶμαι). Syedra supported Septimius Severus, and took privileges.[9]
Coins were minted in Syedra during various time periods going back to that of Roman Emperor Tiberius (r. 14 CE–37 CE).[10] In 374 CE, the early Christian theologian Epiphanius of Salamis wrote his work Ancoratus (the well anchored man) as a reply letter to the Church at Syedra, describing it as needing to be anchored in a safe harbor.[11]
Modern excavations began in 1994 under the Directorate of the Alanya Museum. The main street in the upper town was excavated,[10] as well as a cave decorated with Christian imagery likely used for baptisms. A mosaic found is now on display in the Alanya Museum. Other structures include a temple, a theater, shops, bathhouse, town walls, and several cisterns that provided water to the city.[2] In 2011, archeologist excavating underwater dated relics of a port at Syedra to the Bronze Age, around 5,000 years ago.[12]
References
edit- ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), William Smith, LLD, Ed.
- ^ a b "Syedra". Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 2005. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
- ^ Ptolemy. The Geography. Vol. 5.5.
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v.
- ^ Hierocles. Synecdemus. Vol. p. 683.
- ^ a b de Souza, Philip (2002). Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–140. ISBN 0-521-01240-6.
- ^ "Syedra". Histolia (in German). February 22, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
- ^ Price, S. R. F. (1999). Religions of the Ancient Greeks. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–180. ISBN 0-521-38867-8.
- ^ Jones, Christopher P. "A Letter of Septimius Severus to the City of Syedra." Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 195 (2015): 121-26. Accessed December 3, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43909905
- ^ a b "Syedra". Gelarabul (in Turkish). 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
- ^ Frank Williams, ed. (2009). The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I (sects 1–46). BRILL. pp. xv–xvi. ISBN 978-90-04-17017-9.
- ^ "Relics of a 5,000-year-old port found in southern Turkey". World Bulletin. August 24, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Further reading
edit- Elisabeth Rosenbaum; Gerhard Huber; Somay Onurkan: A survey of coastal cities in Western Cilicia. Preliminary report. Ankara 1967. S. 44–47. 65–66.
External links
editMedia related to Syedra at Wikimedia Commons
- Coins found in Syedra
- Tourism info from VisitAlanya