Surplus killing

Some animals which have been observed engaging in surplus killing hunt alone, some are mainly pack hunters. Some opinions include humans.^[7]

Bears: brown bears,^[8][9] American black bears,^[10] polar bears.^[11]

Large cats: jaguar ^{[citation needed]}, leopards,^[12] lions,^[11][12] lynxes.^[13]

Canines: wolves,^[14] coyotes,^[11][15] red fox,^[5][6] dogs.^{[citation needed]}

Others: martens,^[16] weasels,^[17] honey badgers,^[12] minks,^[18] raccoons,^[19] spotted hyena,^[4] orcas.^[20]

Invertebrae: zooplankton,^[21] damselfly naiads,^[22] predaceous mites ^{[citation needed]}, spiders.^[12]

In Tasmania, in a single dog attack, 58 little penguins were killed.^[23] In mainland Australia, a single fox once killed around 74 penguins over several days, eating almost nothing.^[24] One leopard in Cape Province, South Africa killed 51 sheep and lambs in a single incident.^[25] Similarly, two caracal in Cape Province killed 22 sheep in one night, eating only part of the buttock of one carcass.^[26] Up to 19 spotted hyenas once killed 82 Thomson's gazelle and badly injured 27, eating just 16%.^[1]

In late autumn, least weasels often surplus-kill vole and then dig them up and eat them on winter days when it is too cold to hunt. In March 2016, a pack of 9 grey wolves in Wyoming was found to have killed 19 elk. John Lund, of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, said that he had never documented surplus killings that extreme from grey wolves.^[27] In Florida, laboratory experiments documented cases of surplus killing in larvae of the predatory midge Corethrella appendiculata against specific larval stages of different species of mosquitoes of the genus Toxorhynchites.^[28]

In surplus killing, predators eat only the most-preferred animals and animal parts. Bears engaging in surplus killing of salmon are more likely to eat unspawned fish because of higher muscle quality, and high-energy parts such as brains and eggs.^[1] Surplus killing can deplete the overall food supply, waste predator energy and risk their being injured. Nonetheless, researchers say animals surplus-kill whenever they can, in order to procure food for offspring and others, to gain valuable killing experience, and to create the opportunity to eat the carcass later when they are hungry again.^[1][29]

• Overkill (term)

• Jennifer L. Maupin and Susan Reichert, Superfluous killing in spiders.
• Joseph K. Gaydos, Stephen Raverty, Robin W. Baird, and Richard W. Osborne, SUSPECTED SURPLUS KILLING OF HARBOR SEAL PUPS (PHOCA VITULINA) BY KILLER WHALES (ORCINUS ORCA) Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.
• William G. George and Timothy Kimmel, A Slaughter of Mice by Common Crows.
• Wildlife Online: Foxes-Surplus Killing, Why do foxes kill to excess....
• For Wolves: Ralph Maughan Wolf Report, Jackson Trio makes some surplus kills Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
• High Country News, Zachary Smith, Wolf pack wiped out for ‘surplus killing’ Archived 2006-08-22 at the Wayback Machine.
• Victor Van Ballenberghe, Technical Information on Wolf Ecology and Wolf/Prey Relationships.
• Pierre-Yves Daoust, Andrew Boyne, Ted D’Eon, Surplus killing of Roseate Terns and Common Terns by a mink.