The Streblidae are a family of flies in the superfamily Hippoboscoidea, and together with their relatives the Nycteribiidae, are known as bat flies. They are winged or wingless ectoparasites of bats, and often have long legs. They appear to be host-specific, with different species of bat flies occurring only on particular species of bat hosts, sometimes with multiple species of flies sharing a host bat.
| Streblidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Mastoptera guimaraesi | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Superfamily: | Hippoboscoidea |
| Family: | Streblidae Kolenati, 1863 |
| Subfamilies | |
| |
Systematics
editThe 237 or so species are divided among roughly 33 genera and five subfamilies. The monophyly of this family has not been supported. The streblid subfamily Trichobiinae may be more closely related to the Nycteriboscinae and other lineages in the Nycteribiidae. Several authors favor splitting the family into an Old World lineage consisting of the Ascodipterinae and Nycteriboscinae and a New World lineage containing all other subfamilies. The former would be named Ascodipterinae and the latter would retain the name Streblidae. Alternatively, the Streblidae and Nycteribiidae might be united as a monophyletic family containing all bat flies.[1]
Subfamilies are here listed in presumed order of most ancient to most recently evolved. Selected genera are also given, sorted alphabetically, as too little is known about their interrelationships.
- Subfamily Brachytarsininae Speiser 1900 (sometimes Nycteriboscinae)
- Genus Brachytarsina Macquart, 1851
- Genus Megastrebla Maa, 1971
- Subgenus Aoroura
- Subgenus Megastrebla Maa, 1971
- Genus Raymondia Frauenfeld, 1855
- Genus Raymondiodes Jobling, 1954
- Subfamily Ascodipterinae Monticelli 1898
- Genus Ascodipteron Adensamer, 1896
- Genus Maabella Hastriter & Bush, 2006
- Genus Paraascodipteron Advani & Vazirani, 1981
- Subfamily Nycterophiliinae Wenzel, 1966
- Genus Nycterophilia Ferris, 1916
- Genus Phalconomus Wenzel, 1984
- Subfamily Streblinae Speiser, 1900
- Genus Anastrebla Wenzel, 1966
- Genus Metelasmus Coquillett, 1907
- Genus Paraeuctenodes Pessôa & Guimarães, 1937
- Genus Strebla Wiedemann, 1824
- Subfamily Trichobiinae Jobling, 1936
- Genus Anatrichobius Wenzel, 1966
- Genus Aspidoptera Coquillett, 1899
- Genus Eldunnia Curran, 1934
- Genus Exastinion Wenzel, 1966
- Genus Joblingia Dybas & Wenzel, 1947
- Genus Mastoptera Wenzel, 1966
- Genus Megistopoda Macquart, 1852
- Genus Megistapophysis Dick & Wenzel, 2006
- Genus Neotrichobius Wenzel & Aitken, 1966
- Genus Noctiliostrebla Wenzel, 1966
- Genus Paradyschiria Speiser, 1900
- Genus Parastrebla Wenzel, 1966
- Genus Paratrichobius Costa Lima, 1921
- Genus Pseudostrebla Costa Lima, 1921
- Genus Speiseria Kessel, 1925
- Genus Stizostrebla Jobling, 1939
- Genus Synthesiostrebla Townsend, 1913
- Genus Trichobioides Wenzel, 1966
- Genus Trichobius Gervais, 1844
- Genus Xenotrichobius Wenzel, 1976[2]
- Subfamily incertae sedis
- †Enischnomyia Poinar & Brown, 2012
Morphology
editOne of the characteristic feature of streblid bat flies is their variable degree of eye reduction. The compound eyes are highly, but variably reduced, with some species containing only rudimentary eye spots. Ocelli are absent in all species. Wing morphology also significantly varies within the family with some species containing fully functional wings, while others contain either reduced (non functional or functional) wings or no wings at all.
Parasites
editStreblid bat flies, which are parasites, are themselves infested by fungi of the order Laboulbeniales; these fungi are thus hyperparasites.[3][4]
References
edit- ^ Petersen, Frederik Torp; Meier, Rudolf; Kutty, Sujatha Narayanan & Wiegmann, Brian M. (2007). "The phylogeny and evolution of host choice in the Hippoboscoidea (Diptera) as reconstructed using four molecular markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1). The Netherlands: Elsevier: 111–122. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.04.023. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 17583536.
- ^ Gustavo Graciolli; Carl W. Dick (22 October 2008). "Checklist of World Streblidae (DIPTERA: HIPPOBOSCOIDEA)" (PDF). The Field Museum: 7. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Haelewaters, Danny; Pfliegler, Walter P.; Szentiványi, Tamara; Földvári, Mihály; Sándor, Attila D.; Barti, Levente; Camacho, Jasmin J.; Gort, Gerrit; Estók, Péter; Hiller, Thomas; Dick, Carl W.; Pfister, Donald H. (2017). "Parasites of parasites of bats: Laboulbeniales (Fungi: Ascomycota) on bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) in central Europe". Parasites & Vectors. 10 (1): 96. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2022-y. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 5320862. PMID 28222795.
- ^ Walker, Melissa J.; Dorrestein, Annabel; Camacho, Jasmin J.; Meckler, Lauren A.; Silas, Kirk A.; Hiller, Thomas; Haelewaters, Danny (2018). "A tripartite survey of hyperparasitic fungi associated with ectoparasitic flies on bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in a neotropical cloud forest in Panama". Parasite. 25: 19. doi:10.1051/parasite/2018017. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 5892177. PMID 29633707.
Further reading
edit- Dick, C.W.; Gettinger, D. (2005). "A faunal survey of streblid flies (Diptera: Streblidae) associated with bats in Paraguay". Journal of Parasitology. 91 (5): 1015–1024. doi:10.1645/GE-536R.1. PMID 16419742. S2CID 24627459.
- Fritz, G.N. (1983). "Biology and ecology of bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) on bats in the genus Carollia". Journal of Medical Entomology. 20 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1093/jmedent/20.1.1. PMID 6827567.
- Gannon, M.R.; Willig, M.R. (1995). "Ecology of ectoparasites from tropical bats" (PDF). Environmental Entomology. 24 (6): 1495–1503. doi:10.1093/ee/24.6.1495.
- Komeno, C.A.; Linhares, A.X. (1999). "Batflies parasitic on some phyllostomid bats in southeastern Brazil: parasitism rates and host-parasite relationships". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 94 (2): 151–156. doi:10.1590/S0074-02761999000200004. PMID 10224519.
- Patterson, B.D.; Ballard, J.W.; Wenzel, R.L. (1998). "Distributional evidence for cospeciation between Neotropical bats and their bat fly ectoparasites". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 33 (2): 76–84. doi:10.1076/snfe.33.2.76.2152.
- Wenzel, R.L. (1976). "The Streblid batflies of Venezuela (Diptera:Streblidae)". Brigham Young University Science Bulletin (Biological Series). 20 (4): 1–177. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.5666.
- Wenzel, R.L. & Tipton, V.J. (eds.) (1966): Ectoparasites of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA.