[go: up one dir, main page]

Rhode Island

(Redirected from Sports in Rhode Island)
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 20 November 2024.

Rhode Island (/ˌrd-/ , pronounced "road")[6][7] is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Connecticut to its west; Massachusetts to its north and east; and the Atlantic Ocean to its south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound; and shares a small maritime border with New York, east of Long Island.[8] Rhode Island is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh-least populous, with slightly fewer than 1.1 million residents as of 2020;[9] but it has grown at every decennial count since 1790 and is the second-most densely populated state, after New Jersey. The state takes its name from the eponymous island, though nearly all its land area is on the mainland. Providence is its capital and most populous city.

Rhode Island
State of Rhode Island
Nickname(s)
The Ocean State
Little Rhody[1]
Motto
Hope
Anthem: "Rhode Island's It for Me"
Map of the United States with Rhode Island highlighted
Map of the United States with Rhode Island highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodColony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Admitted to the UnionMay 29, 1790 (13th)
Capital
(and largest city)
Providence
Largest county or equivalentProvidence
Largest metro and urban areasGreater Boston (combined)
Providence (metro and urban)
Government
 • GovernorDan McKee (D)
 • Lieutenant governorSabina Matos (D)
LegislatureRhode Island General Assembly
 • Upper houseSenate
 • Lower houseHouse of Representatives
JudiciaryRhode Island Supreme Court
U.S. senatorsJack Reed (D)
Sheldon Whitehouse (D)
U.S. House delegation1: Gabe Amo (D)
2: Seth Magaziner (D) (list)
Area
 • Total
1,545 sq mi (4,001 km2)
 • Land1,034 sq mi (2,678 km2)
 • Water511 sq mi (1,324 km2)  33.1%
 • Rank50th
Dimensions
 • Length48 mi (77 km)
 • Width37 mi (60 km)
Elevation
200 ft (60 m)
Highest elevation812 ft (247 m)
Lowest elevation
(Atlantic Ocean[3])
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2020 Census Results)
 • Total
1,098,163[4]
 • Rank45th
 • Density1,006/sq mi (388/km2)
  • Rank2nd
 • Median household income
$63,870[5]
 • Income rank
15th
DemonymRhode Islander
Language
 • Official languageDe jure: None
De facto: English
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
USPS abbreviation
RI
ISO 3166 codeUS-RI
Traditional abbreviationR.I.
Latitude41° 09′ N to 42° 01′ N
Longitude71° 07′ W to 71° 54′ W
Websiteri.gov

Native Americans lived around Narragansett Bay before English settlers began arriving in the early 17th century.[10] Rhode Island was unique among the Thirteen British Colonies in having been founded by a refugee, Roger Williams, who fled religious persecution in the Massachusetts Bay Colony to establish a haven for religious liberty. He founded Providence in 1636 on land purchased from local tribes, creating the first settlement in North America with an explicitly secular government.[10] The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations subsequently became a destination for religious and political dissenters and social outcasts, earning it the moniker "Rogue's Island".[11]

Rhode Island was the first colony to call for a Continental Congress, in 1774, and the first to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown, on May 4, 1776.[12] After the American Revolution, during which it was heavily occupied and contested, Rhode Island became the fourth state to ratify the Articles of Confederation, on February 9, 1778.[13] Because its citizens favored a weaker central government, it boycotted the 1787 convention that had drafted the United States Constitution,[14] which it initially refused to ratify;[15] it finally ratified it on May 29, 1790, the last of the original 13 states to do so.[16][17]

The state was officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations since the colonial era but came to be commonly known as "Rhode Island". On November 3, 2020, the state's voters approved an amendment to the state constitution formally dropping "and Providence Plantations" from its full name.[18] Its official nickname is the "Ocean State", a reference to its 400 mi (640 km) of coastline and the large bays and inlets that make up about 14% of its area.[19]

Name

edit

Origin of the name

edit

Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is on the U.S. mainland. Its official name was State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations from its beginning in 1636 until 2020, and it is referred to in that manner in the United States Constitution.[20] This name was derived from the merger of Colonial settlements around Narragansett Bay, and outside the jurisdiction of Plymouth colony. The settlements of Rhode Island (Newport and Portsmouth) were on Rhode Island, also known as Aquidneck Island.[b][21] Providence Plantations referred to settlements on the mainland of Providence and Warwick.[22]

It is unclear how the island came to be named Rhode Island, but two historical events may have been influential:

  • Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524 which he likened to the island of Rhodes off the coast of Greece.[23] Subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island Verrazzano described, but the colonists who settled the area assumed that it was this island.[c]
  • Adriaen Block passed by the island during his expeditions in the 1610s, and described it in a 1625 account of his travels as "an island of reddish appearance", which was "een rodlich Eylande" in 17th-century Dutch, meaning a red or reddish island, supposedly evolving into the designation Rhode Island.[24][25] Historians have theorized that this "reddish appearance" resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore.[26]

The earliest documented use of the name "Rhode Island" for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams. The name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words: "Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island." The name "Isle of Rodes" is used in a legal document as late as 1646.[27][28] Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island "Red Island" (Roodt Eylandt).[29]

Changes to the name

edit

The first English settlement in Rhode Island was the town of Providence, which the Narragansett granted to Roger Williams in 1636.[citation needed] At that time, Williams obtained no permission from the English crown, as he believed the English had no legitimate claim on Narragansett and Wampanoag territory.[30][verification needed] Williams traveled to London in 1643, during the English Civil War, to obtain legal recognition of the new settlements. A Patent was granted to "the incorporation of Providence Plantations in Narragansett Bay in New England" by the Parliamentary committee on Foreign Plantations.[31] After the English Civil war, a Royal Charter was granted in 1663, giving the colony an official name of the "Governor and Company of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England, in America."[32] Following the American Revolution, in 1790 the new state incorporated as the "State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations". However, as matter of convenience, the state came to be commonly known as simply "Rhode Island".

The word plantation in the state's name became a contested issue during the 20th century and the increased awareness of slavery and its role in early Rhode Island history. The General Assembly voted in 2009 to hold a referendum in November 2010 on removing "and Providence Plantations" from the official name. Advocates for excising plantation argued that the word symbolized a legacy of disenfranchisement for many Rhode Islanders, as well as the proliferation of slavery in the colonies and in the post-colonial United States. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic synonym for colony and bore no relation to slavery. The people voted overwhelmingly (78% to 22%) to retain the entire original name.[33]

In June 2020, State Senator Harold Metts introduced a resolution for another ballot referendum on the subject, saying, "Whatever the meaning of the term 'plantations' in the context of Rhode Island's history, it carries a horrific connotation when considering the tragic and racist history of our nation."[34] Governor Gina Raimondo issued an executive order to remove the phrase from a range of official documents and state websites.[35] In July, amidst the George Floyd protests and nationwide calls to address systemic racism, the resolution referring the question to the voters was passed by both houses of the Rhode Island General Assembly: 69–1 in the House of Representatives,[36] and 35–0 in the Senate.[37] The change was then approved by voters 52.8% to 47.2% as part of the 2020 United States elections, taking effect in November 2020 upon certification of the results.[18][38]

History

edit

Colonial era: 1636–1770

edit
 
In 1636, Roger Williams and his followers founded the settlement of Providence Plantations.

At the onset of European colonization what is now Rhode Island was inhabited mainly by five Native American tribes - by far most of the state's territory was inhabited by the Narragansett, eastern borderlands were occupied by the Wampanoag, south-western coast by the Niantic, western borderlands by the Pequot and northern borderlands by the Nipmuc.[39][self-published source?][40] In 1636, Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious views, and he settled at the top of Narragansett Bay on land sold or given to him by Narragansett sachem Canonicus. He named the site Providence, "having a sense of God's merciful providence unto me in my distress",[41] and it became a place of religious freedom where all were welcome.

 
In 1936, on the 300th anniversary of the settlement of Rhode Island in 1636, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative stamp, depicting Roger Williams

In 1638 (after conferring with Williams), Anne Hutchinson, William Coddington, John Clarke, Philip Sherman, and other religious dissenters were allowed to settle on Aquidneck Island (also known as Rhode Island), by the Narragansett Sachems Canonicus and Miantonomi. They were given a few items in reciprocity for their generosity. However, as Roger Williams made clear in a letter to John Winthrop in June 1638: "Sir, concerning the islands Prudence and…Aquedenick…neither of them were sold properly, for a thousand fathom would not have bought either, by strangers. The truth is, not a penny was demanded for either, and what was paid was only gratuity, though I chose, for better assurance and form, to call it sale."[42] This settlement was first called Pocasset and then changed in 1639 to Portsmouth. The town was governed by the Portsmouth Compact. The island's southern part became the separate settlement of Newport after disagreements among the founders.

Samuel Gorton purchased lands at Shawomet in 1642 from the Narragansetts, precipitating a dispute with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1644, Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport united for their common independence as the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, governed by an elected council and "president". Gorton received a separate charter for his settlement in 1648 which he named Warwick after his patron.[43]

Metacomet was the Wampanoag tribe's war leader, whom the colonists called King Philip. They invaded and burned down several of the towns in the area during King Philip's War (1675–1676), including Providence which was attacked twice.[41] A force of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Plymouth militia under General Josiah Winslow invaded and destroyed the fortified Narragansett Indian village in the Great Swamp in South Kingstown, Rhode Island on December 19, 1675.[44] In one of the final actions of the war, an Indian associated with Benjamin Church killed King Philip in Bristol, Rhode Island.[45]

 
In 1680, Newport was the third largest Anglo-American city. It remained a prosperous population center until the 1770s.[46]

The colony was amalgamated into the Dominion of New England in 1686, as King James II attempted to enforce royal authority over the autonomous colonies in British North America, but the colony regained its independence under the Royal Charter after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Slaves were introduced in Rhode Island at this time, although there is no record of any law legalizing slave-holding. The colony later prospered under the slave trade, distilling rum to sell in Africa as part of a profitable triangular trade in slaves and sugar with the Caribbean.[47] Rhode Island's legislative body passed an act in 1652 abolishing the holding of slaves (the first British colony to do so), but this edict was never enforced and Rhode Island continued to be heavily involved in the slave trade during the post-revolution era.[48] In 1774, the slave population of Rhode Island was 6.3% of the total (nearly twice the ratio of other New England colonies).[49][50]

Brown University was founded in 1764 as the College in the British Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. It was one of nine Colonial colleges granted charters before the American Revolution and was the first college in America to accept students regardless of religious affiliation.[51]

Revolutionary to Civil War period: 1770–1860

edit
 
Providence Revolutionaries burned HMS Gaspee in Warwick in protest of British customs laws.

Rhode Island's tradition of independence and dissent gave it a prominent role in the American Revolution. At approximately 2 a.m. on June 10, 1772, a band of Providence residents attacked the grounded revenue schooner HMS Gaspée, burning it to the waterline for enforcing unpopular trade regulations within Narragansett Bay.[52] Rhode Island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4, 1776.[53] It was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29, 1790, and only under threat of heavy trade tariffs from the other former colonies and after assurances were made that a Bill of Rights would become part of the Constitution.[54]

A nine-pence banknote issued by Rhode Island in 1786 with the inscription: ""STATE OF RHODE-ISLAND, &c. THIS Bill is equal to NINE PENCE in Lawful Silver Money, and shall be received in all Payments within this State, agreeable to an Act passed by the GENERAL ASSEMBLY of said State, at their May Sessions, holden at the City of Newport, A. D. 1786. 9d." ; "Committee" is written vertically, to the right of the signatures. ; Within seal: "DOMINE SPERAMUS IN TE". 
A nine-pence banknote issued by Rhode Island in 1786

During the Revolution, the British occupied Newport in December 1776. A combined Franco-American force fought to drive them off Aquidneck Island. Portsmouth was the site of the first African-American military unit, the 1st Rhode Island Regiment, to fight for the U.S. in the unsuccessful Battle of Rhode Island of August 29, 1778.[55] A month earlier, the appearance of a French fleet off Newport caused the British to scuttle some of their own ships in an attempt to block the harbor. The British abandoned Newport in October 1779, concentrating their forces in New York City. An expedition of 5,500 French troops under Count Rochambeau arrived in Newport by sea on July 10, 1780.[56] The celebrated march to Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781 ended with the defeat of the British at the Siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake.

Rhode Island was also heavily involved in the Industrial Revolution, which began in America in 1787 when Thomas Somers reproduced textile machine plans which he imported from England. He helped to produce the Beverly Cotton Manufactory, in which Moses Brown of Providence took an interest. Moses Brown teamed up with Samuel Slater and helped to create the second cotton mill in America, a water-powered textile mill. The Industrial Revolution moved large numbers of workers into the cities. With the 1663 colonial charter still in effect, voting was restricted to landowners holding at least $134 in property. At the time of the revolution, 80% of White men in Rhode Island could vote; by 1840, only 40% were still eligible.[57] The charter apportioned legislative seats equally among the state's towns, over-representing rural areas and under-representing the growing industrial centers. Additionally, the charter disallowed landless citizens from filing civil suits without endorsement from a landowner.[58] Bills were periodically introduced in the legislature to expand suffrage, but they were invariably defeated.

In 1841, activists led by Thomas W. Dorr organized an extralegal convention to draft a state constitution,[59] arguing the charter government violated the Guarantee Clause in Article Four, Section Four of the United States Constitution. In 1842, the charter government and Dorr's supporters held separate elections, and two rival governments claimed sovereignty over the state. Dorr's supporters led an armed rebellion against the charter government, and Dorr was arrested and imprisoned for treason against the state.[60]

In response, the legislature drafted a state constitution which replaced property requirements for American-born citizens with a $1 poll tax, equivalent to $32 in 2023. In a heavily boycotted election in November 1842, voters approved the constitution.[citation needed] Voters also declined to limit the change to "white" men, thus re-enfranchising Black men—Black men meeting the property requirements had been able to vote in Rhode Island until 1822. The constitution also ended slavery. Immigrants remained subject to the property requirement, effectively disenfranchising many Irish-Americans and maintaining urban under-representation.[61][62] In 1849, in Luther v. Borden, the US Supreme Court declined to rule on the constitutional question raised in Dorr's rebellion, holding that it was a political question outside its jurisdiction.

In the early 19th century, Rhode Island was subject to a tuberculosis outbreak which led to public hysteria about vampirism.[63][64]

Civil War

edit
 
The United States Naval Academy was moved to Fort Adams in Newport during the Civil War.

During the American Civil War, Rhode Island was the first Union state to send troops in response to President Lincoln's request for help from the states. Rhode Island furnished 25,236 fighting men, of whom 1,685 died.[citation needed] On the home front, Rhode Island and the other northern states used their industrial capacity to supply the Union Army with the materials it needed to win the war. The United States Naval Academy moved to Rhode Island temporarily during the war.

In 1866, Rhode Island abolished racial segregation in the public schools throughout the state.[65]

Gilded Age

edit
 
Interior of The Breakers, a Newport symbol of the Gilded Age

The 50 years following the Civil War were a time of prosperity and affluence that author William G. McLoughlin calls "Rhode Island's halcyon era". Rhode Island was a center of the Gilded Age and provided a home or summer home to many of the country's most prominent industrialists. This was a time of growth in textile mills and manufacturing and brought an influx of immigrants to fill those jobs, bringing population growth and urbanization. In Newport, New York's wealthiest industrialists created a summer haven to socialize and build grand mansions. Thousands of French-Canadian, Italian, Irish, and Portuguese immigrants arrived to fill jobs in the textile and manufacturing mills in Providence, Pawtucket, Central Falls, and Woonsocket.[66]

World War I

edit

During World War I, Rhode Island furnished 28,817 soldiers, of whom 612 died. After the war, the state was hit hard by the Spanish Influenza.[67]

In the 1920s and 1930s, rural Rhode Island saw a surge in Ku Klux Klan membership, largely in reaction to large waves of immigrants moving to the state. The Klan is believed to be responsible for burning the Watchman Industrial School in Scituate, which was a school for African-American children.[68]

Growth in the modern era: 1929–present

edit

Since the Great Depression, the Rhode Island Democratic Party has dominated local politics. Rhode Island has comprehensive health insurance for low-income children and a large social safety net. However, many urban areas still have a high rate of child poverty. Due to an influx of residents from Boston, increasing housing costs have resulted in more homelessness in Rhode Island.[69]

 
Downtown Providence in 2008

The 350th Anniversary of the founding of Rhode Island was celebrated with a free concert held on the tarmac of the Quonset State Airport on August 31, 1986. Performers included Chuck Berry, Tommy James, and headliner Bob Hope.

Geography

edit
 
Topographic map of Rhode Island

Rhode Island covers an area of 1,034 square miles (2,678 km2)[2] within the New England region of the Northeastern United States and is bordered on the north and east by Massachusetts, on the west by Connecticut, and on the south by Rhode Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.[19] It shares a narrow maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island. The state's mean elevation is 200 feet (61 m). It is only 37 miles (60 km) wide and 48 miles (77 km) long, yet the state has a tidal shoreline on Narragansett Bay and the Atlantic Ocean of 384 miles (618 km).[70]

Rhode Island is nicknamed the Ocean State and has a number of oceanfront beaches. It is mostly flat with no real mountains, and the state's highest natural point is Jerimoth Hill, 812 feet (247 m) above sea level.[71] The state has two distinct natural regions. Eastern Rhode Island contains the lowlands of the Narragansett Bay, while Western Rhode Island forms part of the New England upland. Rhode Island's forests are part of the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion.[72]

Narragansett Bay is a major feature of the state's topography. There are more than 30 islands within the bay; the largest is Aquidneck Island, which holds the municipalities of Newport, Middletown, and Portsmouth. The second-largest island is Conanicut, and the third is Prudence. Block Island lies about 12 miles (19 km) off the southern coast of the mainland and separates Block Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean proper.[73][74]

A rare type of rock called Cumberlandite is found only in Rhode Island (specifically, in the town of Cumberland) and is the state rock. There were initially two known deposits of the mineral, but it is an ore of iron, and one of the deposits was extensively mined for its ferrous content.[75][d]

Climate

edit
 
Köppen climate types of Rhode Island, using 1991–2020 climate normals

Most of Rhode Island has a humid continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. The state's southern coastal portions are the broad transition zone into subtropical climates, with hot summers and cool winters with a mix of rain and snow. Block Island has an oceanic climate. The highest temperature recorded in Rhode Island was 104 °F (40 °C), recorded on August 2, 1975, in Providence.[77] The lowest recorded temperature in Rhode Island was −23 °F (−31 °C) on February 5, 1996, in Greene.[78] Monthly average temperatures range from a high of 83 °F (28 °C) to a low of 20 °F (−7 °C).[79]

Rhode Island is vulnerable to tropical storms and hurricanes due to its location in New England, catching the brunt of many storms that blow up the eastern seaboard. Hurricanes that have done significant damage in the state include the 1938 New England hurricane, Hurricane Carol (1954), Hurricane Donna (1960), and Hurricane Bob (1991).

Cities and towns

edit

Rhode Island is divided into five counties but it has no county governments. The entire state is divided into 39 municipalities, which handle all local government affairs.

There are 8 cities and 31 towns in Rhode Island. Major population centers today result from historical factors; development took place predominantly along the Blackstone, Seekonk, and Providence Rivers with the advent of the water-powered mill. Providence is the base of a large metropolitan area.

The state's 19 largest municipalities ranked by population are:[80]

  1. Providence (190,934)
  2. Cranston (82,934)
  3. Warwick (82,823)
  4. Pawtucket (75,604)
  5. East Providence (47,139)
  6. Woonsocket (43,240)
  7. Cumberland (36,405)
  8. Coventry (35,688)
  9. North Providence (34,114)
  10. South Kingstown (31,931)
  11. West Warwick (31,012)
  12. Johnston (29,568)
  13. North Kingstown (27,732)
  14. Newport (25,163)
  15. Westerly (23,359)
  16. Central Falls (22,583)
  17. Lincoln (22,529)
  18. Bristol (22,493)
  19. Smithfield (22,118)

Some of Rhode Island's cities and towns are further partitioned into villages, in common with many other New England states. Notable villages include Kingston in the town of South Kingstown, which houses the University of Rhode Island; Wickford in the town of North Kingstown, the site of an annual international art festival; and Wakefield where the Town Hall is for the Town of South Kingstown.[81]

Landmarks

edit
 
The Rhode Island State House in Providence boasts the world's fourth largest self-supported marble dome.

The state capitol building is made of white Georgian marble. On top is the world's fourth largest self-supported marble dome.[82] It houses the Rhode Island Charter granted by King Charles II in 1663, the Brown University charter, and other state treasures.

The First Baptist Church of Providence is the oldest Baptist church in the Americas, founded by Roger Williams in 1638.

The first fully automated post office in the country is in Providence. There are many historic mansions in the seaside city of Newport, including The Breakers, Marble House, and Belcourt Castle. Also there is the Touro Synagogue, dedicated on December 2, 1763, considered by locals to be the first synagogue within the United States (see below for information on New York City's claim), and still serving. The synagogue showcases the religious freedoms established by Roger Williams, as well as impressive architecture in a mix of the classic colonial and Sephardic style. The Newport Casino is a National Historic Landmark building complex that houses the International Tennis Hall of Fame and features an active grass-court tennis club.

 
The Towers are a Narragansett landmark.

Scenic Route 1A (known locally as Ocean Road) is in Narragansett. "The Towers" is also in Narragansett featuring a large stone arch. It was once the entrance to a famous Narragansett casino that burned down in 1900. The Towers now serve as an event venue and host the local Chamber of Commerce, which operates a tourist information center.

The Newport Tower has been hypothesized to be of Viking origin, although most experts believe it was a Colonial-era windmill.[83]

Environment

edit

Environmental legislation

edit
 
The Block Island Wind Farm is the first commercial offshore wind farm in the United States.[84]

On May 29, 2014, Governor Lincoln D. Chafee announced that Rhode Island was one of eight states to release a collaborative Action Plan to put 3.3 million zero-emission vehicles on its roads by 2025. The plan's purpose is to reduce greenhouse gas and smog-causing emissions. The plan promotes zero-emissions vehicles and investments in the infrastructure to support them.[85]

In 2014, Rhode Island received grants of $2,711,685 from the Environmental Protection Agency to clean up Brownfield sites in eight locations. The grants provided communities with funding to assess, clean up, and redevelop contaminated properties, boost local economies, and leverage jobs while protecting public health and the environment.[86]

In 2013, the "Lots of Hope" program was established in the City of Providence to focus on increasing the city's green space and local food production, improve urban neighborhoods, promote healthy lifestyles and improve environmental sustainability. Supported by a $100,000 grant, the program will partner with the City of Providence, the Southside Community Land Trust, and the Rhode Island Foundation to convert city-owned vacant lots into productive urban farms.[87]

In 2012, Rhode Island passed bill S2277/H7412, "An act relating to Health and Safety – Environmental Cleanup Objectives for Schools", informally known as the School Siting Bill. Sponsored by Senator Juan Pichardo and Representative Scott Slater, and signed into law by the governor, it made Rhode Island the first US State to prohibit school construction on Brownfield sites where toxic vapors can potentially affect indoor air quality. It also creates a public participation process whenever a city or town considers building a school on any other kind of contaminated site.[88]

On April 14, 2021, the 2021 Act on Climate a very significant climate legislation, was signed.[89]

Environmental monitoring

edit

The Invasive Plant Atlas of New England monitors invasive weeds throughout New England.[90]

Demographics

edit
Historical population
CensusPop.Note
179068,825
180069,1220.4%
181076,93111.3%
182083,0598.0%
183097,19917.0%
1840108,83012.0%
1850147,54535.6%
1860174,62018.4%
1870217,35324.5%
1880276,53127.2%
1890345,50624.9%
1900428,55624.0%
1910542,61026.6%
1920604,39711.4%
1930687,49713.7%
1940713,3463.8%
1950791,89611.0%
1960859,4888.5%
1970946,72510.1%
1980947,1540.0%
19901,003,4645.9%
20001,048,3194.5%
20101,052,5670.4%
20201,097,3794.3%
2023 (est.)1,095,962−0.1%
Source: 1910–2020[91]
 
Ethnic origins in Rhode Island
 
Rhode Island population density map

At the 2020 U.S. census, Rhode Island's population was 1,097,379. The center of population of Rhode Island is in Providence County, in the city of Cranston.[92] A corridor of population can be seen from the Providence area, stretching northwest following the Blackstone River to Woonsocket, where 19th-century mills drove industry and development.

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 1,577 homeless people in Rhode Island.[93][94]

According to the 2020 census, 71.3% of the population was White (68.7% non-Hispanic white), 5.7% was Black or African American, 0.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.6% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 9.4% from some other race, and 9.3% from two or more races. 16.6% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).[95]

Racial and ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and ethnicity (2020)[96][97] Percentage
White (non-Hispanic) 68.7% 68.7
 
Hispanic or Latino 16.6% 16.6
 
Black (non-Hispanic) 5.0% 5
 
Asian 3.4% 3.4
 
Native American 0.1% 0.1
 
Pacific Islander 0.0%
Mixed (Two or more races) 4.6% 4.6
 
Other (Some other race) 1.6% 1.6
 
Historical racial demographics
Racial composition 1970[98] 1990[98] 2000[99] 2010[100]
White 96.6% 91.4% 85.0% 81.4%
Black 2.7% 3.9% 4.5% 5.7%
Asian 0.4% 1.8% 2.3% 2.9%
Native 0.1% 0.4% 0.5% 0.6%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
0.1% 0.1%
Other race 0.2% 2.5% 5.0% 6.1%
Two or more races 2.7% 3.3%

Of the people residing in Rhode Island, 58.7% were born in Rhode Island, 26.6% were born in a different state, 2.0% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas or born abroad to American parent(s), and 12.6% were foreign born.[101]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2015, Rhode Island had an estimated population of 1,056,298, which is an increase of 1,125, or 0.10%, from the prior year and an increase of 3,731, or 0.35%, since the year 2010. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 15,220 people (that is 66,973 births minus 51,753 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 14,001 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 18,965 people, and migration within the country produced a net decrease of 4,964 people. In 2018, The top countries of origin for Rhode Island's immigrants were the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Portugal, Cape Verde and India.[102]

Hispanics in the state make up 12.8% of the population, predominantly Dominican, Puerto Rican, and Guatemalan populations.[103] Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Dominican Americans in the country at 5.1% according to latest estimates, putting the state at sixth largest Dominican community in the country.[97]

According to the 2000 U.S. census, 84% of the population aged 5 and older spoke only American English, while 8.07% spoke Spanish at home, 3.80% Portuguese, 1.96% French, 1.39% Italian and 0.78% speak other languages at home accordingly.[104]

The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 96.1% in 1970 to 76.5% in 2011.[103][105] In 2011, 40.3% of Rhode Island's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.[106]

6.1% of Rhode Island's population were reported as under 5, 23.6% under 18, and 14.5% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 52% of the population.

According to the 2010–2015 American Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups were Irish (18.3%), Italian (18.0%), English (10.5%), French (10.4%), and Portuguese (9.3%).[101] Rhode Island has some of the highest percentages of Irish Americans and Italian Americans.[107] Italian Americans make up a plurality in central and southern Providence County and French-Canadian Americans form a large part of northern Providence County. Irish Americans have a strong presence in Newport and Kent counties. Americans of English ancestry still have a presence in the state as well, especially in Washington County, and are often referred to as "Swamp Yankees".

Rhode Island has a notable Lusophone community, having a higher percentage of Americans of Portuguese ancestry than any other state, including Portuguese Americans and Cape Verdean Americans. Additionally, the state also has the highest percentage of Liberian immigrants, with more than 15,000 residing in the state.[108] African immigrants, including those from Cape Verde and Liberia, form significant and growing communities in Rhode Island. Rhode Island is one of the few states where Black people of recent foreign origin outnumber Black people of multigenerational American origin (African Americans).[107] Rhode Island also has a sizable Asian community. There is one federally recognized tribe in Rhode Island, the Narragansett Indian Tribe.

Although Rhode Island has the smallest land area of all 50 states, it has the second highest population density, second to that of New Jersey.

Birth data

edit
Live Births by Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race 2013[109] 2014[110] 2015[111] 2016[112] 2017[113] 2018[114] 2019[115] 2020[116] 2021[117] 2022[118]
White: 8,672 (80.2%) 8,734 (80.7%) 8,824 (80.3%) ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
> Non-Hispanic White 6,572 (60.8%) 6,573 (60.7%) 6,702 (61.0%) 6,338 (58.7%) 6,142 (57.7%) 6,008 (57.2%) 5,564 (54.7%) 5,495 (54.4%) 5,871 (56.1%) 5,673 (55.2%)
Black 1,411 (13.0%) 1,365 (12.6%) 1,392 (12.7%) 784 (7.3%) 776 (7.3%) 783 (7.5%) 836 (8.2%) 805 (8.0%) 839 (8.0%) 842 (8.2%)
Asian 598 (5.5%) 594 (5.5%) 639 (5.8%) 565 (5.2%) 542 (5.1%) 519 (4.9%) 496 (4.9%) 476 (4.7%) 463 (4.4%) 418 (4.1%)
American Indian 128 (1.2%) 130 (1.2%) 138 (1.2%) 63 (0.6%) 51 (0.5%) 41 (0.4%) 46 (0.4%) 36 (0.3%) 35 (0.3%) 41 (0.4%)
Hispanic (of any race) 2,453 (22.7%) 2,585 (23.9%) 2,622 (23.8%) 2,684 (24.8%) 2,760 (25.9%) 2,756 (26.2%) 2,921 (28.7%) 2,927 (29.0%) 2,931 (28.0%) 2,965 (28.9%)
Total Rhode Island 10,809 (100%) 10,823 (100%) 10,993 (100%) 10,798 (100%) 10,638 (100%) 10,506 (100%) 10,175 (100%) 10,101 (100%) 10,464 (100%) 10,269 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion

edit
Religious affiliation per the PRRI (2022)
Christian
72%
Unaffiliated
24%
Jewish
2%
Other faiths
2%

A Pew survey of Rhode Island residents' religious self-identification in 2014 showed the following distribution of affiliations: Catholic 42%, Protestant 30%, Jewish 1%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, Buddhism 1%, Mormonism 1%, Hinduism 1%, and Non-religious 20%.[119] The largest Christian denominations as of 2010 were the Catholic Church with 456,598 adherents, the Episcopal Church with 19,377, the American Baptist Churches USA with 15,220, and the United Methodist Church with 6,901 adherents.[120]

Rhode Island has had the highest proportion of Catholic residents of any state according to a study in 2000,[121] mainly due to large Irish, Italian, and French-Canadian immigration in the past; recently, significant Portuguese and various Hispanic or Latino communities have also been established in the state. Though it has the highest overall Catholic percentage of any state, none of Rhode Island's individual counties ranks among the 10 most Catholic in the United States, as Catholics are evenly spread throughout the state.

According to the Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) in 2020, 67% of the population were Christian, spread among evangelical and mainline Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism.[122] In 2022, the Public Religion Research Institute revealed 72% of the population were Christian.[123]

 
Touro Synagogue in Newport is the oldest existing synagogue building in the United States.

Rhode Island's Jewish community, centered in the Providence area, emerged during a wave of Jewish immigration predominantly from Eastern Europeans shtetls between 1880 and 1920. The presence of the Touro Synagogue in Newport, the oldest existing synagogue in the United States, emphasizes that these second-wave immigrants did not create Rhode Island's first Jewish community; a comparatively smaller wave of Spanish and Portuguese Jews immigrated to Newport during the colonial era. In 2022, they made up 2% of the state's population.[123]

The religiously unaffiliated since 2014 were 20% of the population, though the separate study by the Public Religion Research Institute determined the irreligious increased to 29% of the adult population.[122] In 2022, the religiously unaffiliated declined to 24% of the population.[123]

Native American tribes

edit

Today Many inhabitants of Rhode Island identify as being Native American alone (6,058 people in 2010 census and 7,385 in 2020) or Native American in combination with one or more other races (8,336 people in 2010 census and 15,972 in 2020).[124] Many inhabitants of Rhode Island also reported belonging to tribes in 2010 census, the largest of which were the Narragansett (2,820 people), the Cherokee (987), the Wampanoag (559) and the Pequot (424). Other tribes included the Iroquois (278), the Micmac (101), the Abenaki (100), the Nipmuc (99) and more.[125]

Economy

edit

The Rhode Island economy had a colonial base in fishing.

Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island 
Slater Mill in Pawtucket is cited as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution in the United States.[126]

The Blackstone River Valley was a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution. It was in Pawtucket that Samuel Slater set up Slater Mill in 1793,[127] using the waterpower of the Blackstone River to power his cotton mill. For a while, Rhode Island was one of the leaders in textiles. However, with the Great Depression, most textile factories relocated to southern U.S. states. The textile industry still constitutes a part of the Rhode Island economy but does not have the same power.

Other important industries in Rhode Island's past included toolmaking, costume jewelry, and silverware. An interesting by-product of Rhode Island's industrial history is the number of abandoned factories, many of which are now condominiums, museums, offices, and low-income and elderly housing. Today, much of Rhode Island's economy is based on services, particularly healthcare and education, and still manufacturing to some extent.[128] The state's nautical history continues in the 21st century in the form of nuclear submarine construction.

Per the 2013 American Communities Survey, Rhode Island has the highest paid elementary school teachers in the country, with an average salary of $75,028 (adjusted to inflation).[129]

The headquarters of Citizens Financial Group, the 14th largest bank in the United States, is in Providence.[130] The Fortune 500 companies CVS Caremark and Textron are based in Woonsocket and Providence, respectively. FM Global, GTECH Corporation, Hasbro, American Power Conversion, Nortek, and Amica Mutual Insurance are all Fortune 1000 companies based in Rhode Island.[131]

Rhode Island's 2000 total gross state production was $46.18 billion (adjusted to inflation), placing it 45th in the nation. Its 2000 per capita personal income was $41,484 (adjusted to inflation), 16th in the nation. Rhode Island has the lowest level of energy consumption per capita of any state.[132][133][134] Additionally, Rhode Island is rated as the 5th most energy efficient state in the country.[135][136] In December 2012, the state's unemployment rate was 10.2%.[137] This has gradually reduced to 3.5% in November 2019, however, the coronavirus pandemic brought the unemployment rate to a high of 18.1% in April 2020. This has since reduced to 10.5% in September 2020 and is projected to further decrease to 7% in October 2020.[138][139]

Health services are Rhode Island's largest industry. Second is tourism, supporting 39,000 jobs, with tourism-related sales at $4.56 billion (adjusted to inflation) in the year 2000. The third-largest industry is manufacturing.[140] Its industrial outputs are submarine construction, shipbuilding, costume jewelry, fabricated metal products, electrical equipment, machinery, and boatbuilding. Rhode Island's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, vegetables, dairy products, and eggs. The largest single product is milk, which in 2017 totaled $4,563,000 in sales.[141]

Rhode Island's taxes were appreciably higher than those of neighboring states,[142] because Rhode Island's income tax was based on 25% of the payer's federal income tax payment.[143] Former Governor Donald Carcieri claimed the higher tax rate had an inhibitory effect on business growth in the state and called for reductions to increase the competitiveness of the state's business environment. In 2010, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed a new state income tax structure that Governor Carcieri signed into law on June 9, 2010.[144] The income tax overhaul has made Rhode Island competitive with other New England states by lowering its maximum tax rate to 5.99% and reducing the number of tax brackets to three.[145] The state's first income tax was enacted in 1971.[146]

Largest employers

edit

As of March 2011, Rhode Island's largest employers (excluding employees of municipalities) are:[147]

Rank Employer Employees Notes
1 State of Rhode Island 14,904 Full-time equivalents
2 Brown University Health 11,869 Rhode Island Hospital (7,024 employees), The Miriam Hospital (2,410), Newport Hospital (919), Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital (800), Lifespan Corporate Services (580), Newport Alliance Newport (68), Lifespan MSO (53), and Home Medical (15)
3 U.S. federal government 11,581 Excludes 3,000 active duty military personnel and 7,000 reservists, but includes 250 employees of the Naval War College.
4 Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence 6,200
5 Care New England 5,953 Employees at: Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island (3,134), Kent County Memorial Hospital (1,850), Butler Hospital (800), VNA of Care New England (140), and Care New England (29)
6 CVS Caremark 5,800 The corporate headquarters are at Woonsocket (5,630 employees). The corporation also has 170 employees at Pharmacare
7 Citizens Financial Group 4,991 The corporate headquarters are in Providence, and the main corporate office is in Johnston.
8 Brown University 4,800 Excludes student employees.
9 Stop & Shop Supermarket
(subsidiary of Ahold)
3,632
10 Bank of America 3,500
11 Fidelity Investments 2,934 2,434 employees in Smithfield and 500 in Providence
12 Rhode Island ARC 2,851 Employees at James L. Maher Center (700), The Homestead Group (650), Cranston Arc (374), The ARC of Blackstone Valley (350), Kent County ARC (500), The Fogarty Center (225), and Westerly Chariho, ARC (52)
13 MetLife Insurance Co. 2,604
14 General Dynamics Corp. 2,243 2,200 employees at General Dynamics Electric Boat in North Kingstown, and 43 employees at General Dynamics Information Technology – Newport in Middletown adjacent to the Naval Undersea Warfare Center[148]
15 University of Rhode Island 2,155
16 Wal-Mart 2,078
17 The Jan Companies 2,050 Employees at Jan-Co Burger King (1,500) (Burger King franchiser); Newport Creamery, LLC (400), Quidnessett Country Club (100), and The Country Inn (50)
18 Shaw's Supermarkets
(subsidiary of Albertsons LLC)
1,900
19 St. Joseph Health Services and Hospitals of Rhode Island/CharterCARE Health Partners 1,865 Employees at Our Lady of Fatima Hospital (1,343) and St. Joseph Hospital for Specialty Care (522)
20 The Home Depot, Inc. 1,780

Transportation

edit
A Pawtucket-bound RIPTA bus in Providence 
The Rhode Island Public Transit Authority operates a statewide system of bus transport.

The Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) operates statewide intra- and intercity bus transport from its hubs at Kennedy Plaza in Providence, Pawtucket, and Newport. RIPTA bus routes serve 38 of Rhode Island's 39 cities and towns. (New Shoreham on Block Island is not served). RIPTA operates 58 routes, including daytime trolley service (using trolley-style replica buses) in Providence and Newport.

Ferry

edit

From 2000 through 2008, RIPTA offered seasonal ferry service linking Providence and Newport (already connected by highway) funded by grant money from the United States Department of Transportation. Though the service was popular with residents and tourists, RIPTA was unable to continue after the federal funding ended. Service was discontinued as of 2010.[149] The service resumed in 2016 and has been successful. The privately run Block Island Ferry[150] links Block Island with Newport and Narragansett with traditional and fast-ferry service, while the Prudence Island Ferry[151] connects Bristol with Prudence Island. Private ferry services also link several Rhode Island communities with ports in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York.

Rail

edit
A southbound Northeast Regional train stopped at Kingston Station 
A southbound Northeast Regional train at Kingston Station

The MBTA Commuter Rail's Providence/Stoughton Line links Providence and T. F. Green Airport with Boston's South Station, with an intermediate stop at Pawtucket/Central Falls and several stations in Massachusetts. The line was later extended southward to Wickford Junction, with service beginning April 23, 2012. The state hopes to extend the MBTA line to Kingston and Westerly, as well as explore the possibility of extending Connecticut's Shore Line East to T.F. Green Airport.[152] Amtrak's Acela Express stops at Providence Station (the only Acela stop in Rhode Island), linking Providence to other cities in the Northeast Corridor. Amtrak's Northeast Regional service makes stops at Providence Station, Kingston, and Westerly.

Aviation

edit

Rhode Island's primary airport for passenger and cargo transport is T. F. Green Airport in Warwick, though Rhode Islanders who wish to travel internationally on direct flights and those who seek a greater availability of flights and destinations often fly through Logan International Airport in Boston.

Limited access highways

edit
The Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge and Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge 
The Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge (foreground) and Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge (background)

Interstate 95 (I-95) runs southwest to northeast across the state, linking Rhode Island with other states along the East Coast. I-295 functions as a partial beltway encircling Providence to the west. I-195 provides a limited-access highway connection from Providence (and Connecticut and New York via I-95) to Cape Cod. Initially built as the easternmost link in the (now cancelled) extension of I-84 from Hartford, Connecticut, a portion of U.S. Route 6 (US 6) through northern Rhode Island is limited-access and links I-295 with downtown Providence.

Several Rhode Island highways extend the state's limited-access highway network. Route 4 is a major north–south freeway linking Providence and Warwick (via I-95) with suburban and beach communities along Narragansett Bay. Route 10 is an urban connector linking downtown Providence with Cranston and Johnston. Route 37 is an important east–west freeway through Cranston and Warwick and links I-95 with I-295. Route 99 links Woonsocket with Providence (via Route 146). Route 146 travels through the Blackstone Valley, linking Providence and I-95 with Worcester, Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Turnpike. Route 403 links Route 4 with Quonset Point.

Several bridges cross Narragansett Bay connecting Aquidneck Island and Conanicut Island to the mainland, most notably the Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge and the Jamestown-Verrazano Bridge.

Bicycle paths

edit
Two paved bike lanes extend into the distance 
The East Bay Bike Path in Riverside

The East Bay Bike Path stretches from Providence to Bristol along the eastern shore of Narragansett Bay, while the Blackstone River Bikeway will eventually link Providence and Worcester. In 2011, Rhode Island completed work on a marked on-road bicycle path through Pawtucket and Providence, connecting the East Bay Bike Path with the Blackstone River Bikeway, completing a 33.5 miles (54 km) bicycle route through the eastern side of the state.[153] The William C. O'Neill Bike Path (commonly known as the South County Bike Path) is an 8 mi (13 km) path through South Kingstown and Narragansett. The 19 mi (31 km) Washington Secondary Bike Path stretches from Cranston to Coventry, and the 2 mi (3.2 km) Ten Mile River Greenway path runs through East Providence and Pawtucket.

Future

edit

In late 2019, the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority released a draft of the Rhode Island Transit Master Plan, documenting and describing a variety of proposed improvements and additions to be made to the state's public transit network by 2040. Several different proposals were offered and still under consideration as of December 2020,[154] including implementation of a bus rapid transit system, express bus routes, expansion of Amtrak and MBTA services throughout the state, and construction of a new light rail network through downtown Providence.[154][155]

Media

edit

Education

edit
 
University Hall at Brown University is one of the oldest academic buildings in the United States.[156]

Primary and secondary schools

edit

Colleges and universities

edit

Rhode Island has several colleges and universities:

Culture

edit

Local accent

edit

Some Rhode Islanders speak with the distinctive, non-rhotic, traditional Rhode Island accent linguists describe as a cross between New York City and Boston accents (e.g., "water" sounds like "watuh" [ˈwɔəɾə]).[157] Many Rhode Islanders distinguish a strong aw sound [ɔə] (i.e., resist the cot–caught merger of Boston) much like one might hear in New Jersey or New York City; for example, the word coffee is pronounced [ˈkʰɔəfi].[158] Rhode Islanders sometimes refer to drinking fountains as "bubblers", milkshakes as "cabinets", and overstuffed foot-long sandwiches (of whatever kind) as "grinders".[159]

Food and beverages

edit

Rhode Island, like the rest of New England, has a tradition of clam chowder. Both the white New England and the red Manhattan varieties are popular, but there is also a unique clear-broth chowder known as Rhode Island Clam Chowder available in many restaurants. A culinary tradition in Rhode Island is the clam cake (also known as a clam fritter outside of Rhode Island), a deep fried ball of buttery dough with chopped bits of clam inside. They are sold by the half-dozen or dozen in most seafood restaurants around the state, and the quintessential summer meal in Rhode Island is chowder and clam cakes.

The quahog is a large local clam usually used in a chowder. It is also ground and mixed with stuffing or spicy minced sausage, and then baked in its shell to form a stuffie. Calamari (squid) is sliced into rings and fried as an appetizer in most Italian restaurants, typically served Sicilian-style with sliced banana peppers and marinara sauce on the side. (In 2014, calamari became the official state appetizer.[160]) Clams Casino originated in Rhode Island, invented by Julius Keller, the maître d' in the original Casino next to the seaside Towers in Narragansett.[161] Clams Casino resemble the beloved stuffed quahog but are generally made with the smaller littleneck or cherrystone clam and are unique in their use of bacon as a topping.

The official state drink of Rhode Island is coffee milk,[162] a beverage created by mixing milk with coffee syrup. This unique syrup was invented in the state and is sold in almost all Rhode Island supermarkets, as well as its bordering states. Johnnycakes have been a Rhode Island staple since Colonial times, made with corn meal and water then pan-fried much like pancakes.

Submarine sandwiches are called grinders throughout Rhode Island, and the Italian grinder, made with cold cuts such as ham, prosciutto, capicola, salami, and Provolone cheese, is especially popular. Linguiça or chouriço is a spicy Portuguese sausage often served with peppers and eaten with hearty bread.

Rhode Island state symbols

edit
State symbols of Rhode Island
List of state symbols
 
 
Living insignia
BirdRhode Island Red chicken
Gallus gallus domesticus
FishStriped bass
FlowerBlue Violet
Viola sororia
FruitRhode Island Greening
InsectAmerican burying beetle
Nicroforus americanus
MammalMorgan horse
ReptilePainted turtle
TreeRed Maple
Acer rubrum
Inanimate insignia
BeverageCoffee milk
MineralBowenite
RockCumberlandite
ShipUSS Providence
TartanRhode Island State Tartan
State route marker
Route marker 
State quarter
Rhode Island quarter dollar coin 
Released in 2001
Lists of United States state symbols
edit

The Farrelly brothers and Seth MacFarlane depict Rhode Island in popular culture, often making comedic parodies of the state. MacFarlane's television series Family Guy is based in a fictional Rhode Island city named Quahog, and notable local events and celebrities are regularly lampooned. Peter Griffin is seen working at the Pawtucket brewery, and other state locations are mentioned.

The 1956 film High Society (starring Bing Crosby, Grace Kelly, and Frank Sinatra) was set in Newport, Rhode Island.

The 1974 film adaptation of The Great Gatsby was also filmed in Newport.

Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy were married at St. Mary's church in Newport. Their reception took place at Hammersmith Farm, the Bouvier summer home in Newport.

Cartoonist Don Bousquet, a state icon, has made a career out of Rhode Island culture, drawing Rhode Island-themed gags in The Providence Journal and Yankee magazine. These cartoons have been reprinted in the Quahog series of paperbacks (I Brake for Quahogs, Beware of the Quahog, and The Quahog Walks Among Us.) Bousquet has also collaborated with humorist and Providence Journal columnist Mark Patinkin on two books: The Rhode Island Dictionary and The Rhode Island Handbook.

The 1998 film Meet Joe Black was filmed at Aldrich Mansion in the Warwick Neck area of Warwick.

Brotherhood is set in Rhode Island.

Body of Proof's first season was filmed entirely in Rhode Island.[163] The show premiered on March 29, 2011.[164]

The 2007 Steve Carell and Dane Cook film Dan in Real Life was filmed in various coastal towns in the state. The sunset scene with the entire family on the beach takes place at Napatree Point.

Jersey Shore star Pauly D filmed part of his spin-off The Pauly D Project in his hometown of Johnston.

The Comedy Central cable television series Another Period is set in Newport during the Gilded Age.

Notable firsts in Rhode Island

edit

Rhode Island has been the first in a number of initiatives. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations enacted the first law prohibiting slavery in America on May 18, 1652.[165]

The first act of armed rebellion in America against the British Crown was the boarding and burning of the Revenue Schooner HMS Gaspée in Narragansett Bay on June 10, 1772. The idea of a Continental Congress was first proposed at a town meeting in Providence on May 17, 1774. Rhode Island elected the first delegates (Stephen Hopkins and Samuel Ward) to the Continental Congress on June 15, 1774. The Rhode Island General Assembly created the first standing army in the colonies (1,500 men) on April 22, 1775. On June 15, 1775, the first naval engagement took place in the American Revolution between an American sloop commanded by Capt. Abraham Whipple and an armed tender of the British Frigate Rose. The tender was chased aground and captured. Later in June, the General Assembly created the American Navy when it commissioned the sloops Katy and Washington, armed with 24 guns and commanded by Abraham Whipple who was promoted to Commodore. Rhode Island was the first Colony to declare independence from Britain on May 4, 1776.[165]

Slater Mill in Pawtucket was the first commercially successful cotton-spinning mill with a fully mechanized power system in America and was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution in the US.[166] The oldest Fourth of July parade in the country is still held annually in Bristol, Rhode Island. The first Baptist church in America was founded in Providence in 1638.[167] Ann Smith Franklin of the Newport Mercury was the first female newspaper editor in America (August 22, 1762).[165] Touro Synagogue is the oldest synagogue in America, founded in Newport in 1763.[165]

Pelham Street in Newport was the first in America to be illuminated by gaslight in 1806.[165] The first strike in the United States in which women participated occurred in Pawtucket in 1824.[165] Watch Hill has the nation's oldest flying horses carousel that has been in continuous operation since 1850.[165] The motion picture machine was patented in Providence on April 23, 1867.[165] The first lunch wagon in America was introduced in Providence in 1872.[165] The first nine-hole golf course in America was completed in Newport in 1890.[165] The first state health laboratory was established in Providence on September 1, 1894.[165] The Rhode Island State House was the first building with an all-marble dome to be built in the United States (1895–1901).[165] The first automobile race on a track was held in Cranston on September 7, 1896.[165] The first automobile parade was held in Newport on September 7, 1899, on the grounds of Belcourt Castle.[165]

Miscellaneous local culture

edit

Rhode Island is nicknamed "The Ocean State", and the nautical nature of Rhode Island's geography pervades its culture. Newport Harbor, in particular, holds many pleasure boats. In the lobby of T. F. Green, the state's main airport, is a large life-sized sailboat,[168] and the state's license plates depict an ocean wave or a sailboat.[169]

 
Many Rhode Islanders visit Washington County for its beaches

The large number of beaches in Washington County lures many Rhode Islanders south for summer vacation.[170]

The state constitution protects shore access, including swimming and gathering of seaweed.[171][172] The 1982 Rhode Island Supreme Court decision in State v. Ibbison[173][174] defines the end of private land as the mean high tide line, which is difficult to determine in day-to-day activities, and has resulted in beach access conflicts.[175] Underfunding of the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council has resulted in lax enforcement against encroachment on public access and building of illegal structures.[176]

The state was notorious for organized crime activity from the 1950s into the 1990s when the Patriarca crime family held sway over most of New England from its Providence headquarters.

Rhode Islanders developed a unique style of architecture in the 17th century called the stone-ender.[177]

Rhode Island is the only state to still celebrate Victory over Japan Day, which is officially named "Victory Day" but is sometimes referred to as "VJ Day".[178] It is celebrated on the second Monday in August.[179]

Nibbles Woodaway, more commonly referred to as "The Big Blue Bug", is a 58-foot-long termite mascot for a Providence extermination business. Since its construction in 1980, it has been featured in several movies and television shows, and has come to be recognized as a cultural landmark by many locals.[180] In more recent times, the Big Blue Bug has been given a mask to remind locals and visitors to mask-up during the COVID-19 pandemic.[181]

Sports

edit

Professional

edit

Rhode Island is currently home to two professional minor league teams, one being the Providence Bruins ice hockey team of the American Hockey League, who are a top-level minor league affiliate of the Boston Bruins. They play in the Amica Mutual Pavilion in Providence and won the AHL's Calder Cup during the 1998–99 AHL season. The other is Rhode Island FC, a soccer team that began competing in the second tier USL Championship in 2024 at Beirne Stadium located within Bryant University, awaiting the completion of the soccer-specific Tidewater Landing Stadium in Pawtucket in time for the 2025 season.

 
The Pawtucket Red Sox played at McCoy Stadium

The Pawtucket Red Sox baseball team was a Triple-A International League affiliate of the Boston Red Sox from 1973 to 2020. They played at McCoy Stadium in Pawtucket and had won four league titles, the Governors' Cup, in 1973, 1984, 2012, and 2014. McCoy Stadium also has the distinction of being home to the longest professional baseball game ever played – 33 innings.

The Providence Reds were a hockey team that played in the Canadian-American Hockey League (CAHL) from 1926 to 1936, and the American Hockey League (AHL) from 1936 to 1977, the last season of which they played as the Rhode Island Reds. The team won the Calder Cup in 1938, 1940, 1949, and 1956. The Reds played at the Rhode Island Auditorium, on North Main Street in Providence, Rhode Island from 1926 through 1972, when the team affiliated with the New York Rangers and moved into the newly built Providence Civic Center. The team name came from the state bird, a rooster known as the Rhode Island Red. They moved to New York in 1977, then to Connecticut in 1997, and are now called the Hartford Wolf Pack.

The Reds are the oldest continuously operating minor-league hockey franchise in North America, having fielded a team in one form or another since 1926 in the CAHL. It is also the only AHL franchise to have never missed a season. The AHL returned to Providence in 1992 in the form of the Providence Bruins.

 
1884 Baseball Champion Providence Grays

Before the great expansion of athletic teams all over the country, Providence and Rhode Island in general played a great role in supporting teams. The Providence Grays won the first World Championship in baseball history in 1884. The team played their home games at the old Messer Street Field in Providence. The Grays played in the National League from 1878 to 1885. They defeated the New York Metropolitans of the American Association in a best of five-game series at the Polo Grounds in New York. Providence won three straight games to become the first champions in major league baseball history. Babe Ruth played for the minor league Providence Grays of 1914 and hit his only official minor league home run for them before the Grays' parent club, the Boston Red Stockings, recalled him.

Rhode Island has deep history with the sport of soccer where the sport was played as early as 1886 when the state's first organized league would be founded, known as the Rhode Island Football Association (RIFA). One of their teams, the Pawtucket Free Wanderers, would establish themselves as a regional power and win the American Cup in 1893. The first championship game of the U.S. Open Cup was also held in 1914 in Pawtucket's Coates Field to a crowd of 10,000. Later, a team known as Pawtucket Rangers F.C. would win the 1941 edition of the U.S. Open Cup (then National Challenge Cup). The Rhode Island Oceaneers would later be founded, and went on to win the 1974 American Soccer League championship. Other former semiprofessional soccer teams of the modern era include the Rhode Island Stingrays of the USL Premier Development League, and the Rhode Island Reds of the National Premier Soccer League, with both leagues regarded as the fourth tier of American soccer.

The now-defunct professional football team known as the Providence Steamrollers won the 1928 NFL title. They played in a 10,000 person stadium called the Cycledrome.[182] An unrelated basketball team also known as the Providence Steamrollers played in the Basketball Association of America, which would become the National Basketball Association.

Rhode Island's only rugby league team was the Rhode Island Rebellion, a semi-professional team that was a founding member of the USA Rugby League, which was at the time the top competition in the United States for the sport of rugby league.[183][184] The Rebellion played their home games at Classical High School in Providence.[185]

Current professional teams
edit
Professional Team League Sport Venue City Established Championships
Providence Bruins American Hockey League (AHL) Ice hockey Amica Mutual Pavilion Providence, Rhode Island 1987 1
Rhode Island FC USL Championship (USLC) Soccer Beirne Stadium Pawtucket, Rhode Island 2024 0
Current semi-professional teams
edit
Semi-Professional Team League Sport Venue City Established Championships
Rhode Island Rogues Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) Soccer Roger Williams University Bristol, Rhode Island 2018 0

Collegiate and amateur sports

edit
 
University of Rhode Island's Meade Stadium in Kingston

There are four NCAA Division I schools in Rhode Island. All four schools compete in different conferences. The Brown University Bears compete in the Ivy League, the Bryant University Bulldogs compete in the America East Conference, the Providence College Friars compete in the Big East Conference, and the University of Rhode Island Rams compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference. Three of the schools' football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision, the second-highest level of college football in the United States. Brown plays FCS football in the Ivy League, Bryant plays FCS football in the Big South Conference before that league merges its football operations with those of the Ohio Valley Conference in 2023, and Rhode Island plays FCS football in CAA Football, the technically separate football league of the Colonial Athletic Association. All four Division I schools in the state compete in an intrastate all-sports competition known as the Ocean State Cup, with Bryant winning the most recent cup in 2011–12 academic year.

From 1930 to 1983, America's Cup races were sailed off Newport, and the extreme-sport X Games and Gravity Games were founded and hosted in the state's capital city.

 
The International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport

The International Tennis Hall of Fame is in Newport at the Newport Casino, site of the first U.S. National Championships in 1881. The Hall of Fame and Museum were established in 1954 by Jimmy Van Alen as "a shrine to the ideals of the game".[186][187]

Rhode Island is also home to the headquarters of the governing body for youth rugby league in the United States, the American Youth Rugby League Association or AYRLA. The AYRLA has started the first-ever Rugby League youth competition in Providence Middle Schools, a program at the RI Training School, in addition to starting the first High School Competition in the US in Providence Public High School.[188]

Government

edit
Gubernatorial election results[189]
Year Democratic Republican
1950 59.3% 176,125 40.7% 120,683
1954 57.7% 189,595 41.7% 137,131
1958 49.1% 170,275 50.9% 176,505
1962 49.9% 163,554 50.1% 163,952
1966 36.7% 121,862 63.3% 210,202
1970 50.1% 173,420 49.5% 171,549
1974 78.5% 252,436 21.5% 69,224
1978 62.8% 197,386 30.7% 96,596
1982 73.3% 247,208 23.6% 79,602
1986 32.4% 104,504 64.7% 208,822
1990 74.1% 264,411 25.9% 92,177
1994 43.6% 157,361 47.4% 171,194
1998 42.1% 129,105 51.0% 156,180
2002 45.2% 150,229 54.7% 181,827
2006 49.0% 189,503 51.0% 197,306
2010 23.1% 78,896 33.6% 114,911
2014 40.7% 131,452 36.2% 117,106
2018 52.6% 198,122 37.2% 139,932

The capital of Rhode Island is Providence. The state's governor is Daniel McKee (D), and the lieutenant governor is Sabina Matos (D). Gina Raimondo became Rhode Island's first female governor with a plurality of the vote in the November 2014 state elections.[190] Its United States senators are Jack Reed (D) and Sheldon Whitehouse (D). Rhode Island's two United States representatives are Gabe Amo (D-1) and Seth Magaziner (D-2). See congressional districts map. Rhode Island is one of a few states that do not have an official governor's residence. See List of Rhode Island Governors.

The state legislature is the Rhode Island General Assembly, consisting of the 75-member House of Representatives and the 38-member Senate. The Democratic Party dominates both houses of the bicameral body; the Republican Party's presence is minor in the state government, with Republicans holding a handful of seats in both the Senate and House of Representatives.

Elections

edit
 
County results of the 2020 Presidential election. Joe Biden (D) won every county.
United States presidential election results for Rhode Island[191]
Year Republican / Whig Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 217,996 43.27% 281,375 55.85% 4,431 0.88%
2020 199,922 38.61% 307,486 59.39% 10,349 2.00%
2016 180,543 38.90% 252,525 54.41% 31,076 6.70%
2012 157,204 35.24% 279,677 62.70% 9,168 2.06%
2008 165,391 35.06% 296,571 62.86% 9,804 2.08%
2004 169,046 38.67% 259,760 59.42% 8,328 1.91%
2000 130,555 31.91% 249,508 60.99% 29,049 7.10%
1996 104,683 26.82% 233,050 59.71% 52,551 13.46%
1992 131,601 29.02% 213,299 47.04% 108,578 23.94%
1988 177,761 43.93% 225,123 55.64% 1,736 0.43%
1984 212,080 51.66% 197,106 48.02% 1,306 0.32%
1980 154,793 37.20% 198,342 47.67% 62,937 15.13%
1976 181,249 44.08% 227,636 55.36% 2,285 0.56%
1972 220,383 53.00% 194,645 46.81% 780 0.19%
1968 122,359 31.78% 246,518 64.03% 16,123 4.19%
1964 74,615 19.13% 315,463 80.87% 13 0.00%
1960 147,502 36.37% 258,032 63.63% 1 0.00%
1956 225,819 58.23% 161,970 41.77% 2 0.00%
1952 210,935 50.89% 203,293 49.05% 270 0.07%
1948 135,787 41.44% 188,736 57.59% 3,179 0.97%
1944 123,487 41.26% 175,356 58.59% 433 0.14%
1940 138,653 43.17% 182,182 56.73% 313 0.10%
1936 125,031 40.18% 165,238 53.10% 20,909 6.72%
1932 115,266 43.31% 146,604 55.08% 4,300 1.62%
1928 117,522 49.55% 118,973 50.16% 699 0.29%
1924 125,286 59.63% 76,606 36.46% 8,223 3.91%
1920 107,463 63.97% 55,062 32.78% 5,456 3.25%
1916 44,858 51.08% 40,394 46.00% 2,564 2.92%
1912 27,703 35.56% 30,412 39.04% 19,779 25.39%
1908 43,942 60.76% 24,706 34.16% 3,669 5.07%
1904 41,605 60.60% 24,839 36.18% 2,212 3.22%
1900 33,784 59.74% 19,812 35.04% 2,952 5.22%
1896 37,437 68.33% 14,459 26.39% 2,889 5.27%
1892 26,975 50.71% 24,336 45.75% 1,885 3.54%
1888 21,969 53.88% 17,530 42.99% 1,276 3.13%
1884 19,030 58.07% 12,391 37.81% 1,350 4.12%
1880 18,195 62.24% 10,779 36.87% 261 0.89%
1876 15,787 59.29% 10,712 40.23% 128 0.48%
1872 13,665 71.94% 5,329 28.06% 0 0.00%
1868 12,993 66.49% 6,548 33.51% 0 0.00%
1864 13,962 62.24% 8,470 37.76% 0 0.00%
1860 12,244 61.37% 7,707 38.63% 0 0.00%
1856 11,467 57.85% 6,680 33.70% 1,675 8.45%
1852 7,626 44.85% 8,735 51.37% 644 3.79%
1848 6,779 60.77% 3,646 32.68% 730 6.54%
1844 7,322 59.55% 4,867 39.58% 107 0.87%
1840 5,278 61.22% 3,301 38.29% 42 0.49%
1836 2,710 47.76% 2,964 52.24% 0 0.00%

Rhode Island's population barely crosses the threshold beyond the minimum of three for additional votes in both the federal House of Representatives and Electoral College; it is well represented relative to its population, with the eighth-highest number of electoral votes and second-highest number of House Representatives per resident. Based on its area, Rhode Island has the highest density of electoral votes of any state.[192]

Federally, Rhode Island is a reliably Democratic state during presidential elections, usually supporting the Democratic presidential nominee. The state voted for the Republican presidential candidate until 1908. Since then, it has voted for the Republican nominee for president seven times, and the Democratic nominee 17 times. The last 16 presidential elections in Rhode Island have resulted in the Democratic Party winning the Ocean State's Electoral College votes 12 times. In the 1980 presidential election, Rhode Island was one of six states to vote against Republican Ronald Reagan. Reagan was the last Republican to win any of the state's counties in a Presidential election until Donald Trump won Kent County in 2016. In 1988, George H. W. Bush won over 40% of the state's popular vote, something no Republican has done since.

Rhode Island was the Democrats' leading state in 1960, 1964, 1968, 1988 and 2000, and second-best in 1968, 1972, 1996, and 2004. Rhode Island's most one-sided Presidential election result was in 1964, with over 80% of Rhode Island's votes going for Lyndon B. Johnson. In 2004, Rhode Island gave John Kerry more than a 20-percentage-point margin of victory (the third-highest of any state), with 59.4% of its vote. All but three of Rhode Island's 39 cities and towns voted for the Democratic candidate. The exceptions were East Greenwich, West Greenwich, and Scituate.[193] In 2008, Rhode Island gave Barack Obama a 28-percentage-point margin of victory (the third-highest of any state), with 63% of its vote. All but one of Rhode Island's 39 cities and towns voted for the Democratic candidate (the exception being Scituate).[194]

In a 2020 study, Rhode Island was ranked as the 19th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[195]

Party registration as of November 2024[196]
Party Total voters Percentage
Unaffiliated 351,893 48.05%
Democratic 275,116 37.57%
Republican 104,655 14.29%
Total 732,308 100.00%

Legislation and taxes

edit

Rhode Island is one of 21 states that have abolished capital punishment; it was second do so, just after Michigan, and carried out its last execution in the 1840s. Rhode Island was the second to last state to make prostitution illegal. Until November 2009 Rhode Island law made prostitution legal provided it took place indoors.[197] In a 2009 study Rhode Island was listed as the 9th safest state in the country.[198]

In 2011, Rhode Island became the third state in the United States to pass legislation to allow the use of medical marijuana. On May 25, 2022, Rhode Island fully legalized recreational use of marijuana, becoming the nineteenth state to do so.[199] Additionally, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed legislation that allowed civil unions which Governor Lincoln Chafee signed into law on July 2, 2011. Rhode Island became the eighth state to fully recognize either same-sex marriage or civil unions.[200] Same-sex marriage became legal on May 2, 2013, and took effect August 1.[201]

Rhode Island has some of the highest taxes in the country, particularly its property taxes, ranking seventh in local and state taxes, and sixth in real estate taxes.[142]

Notable people

edit

See also

edit

Explanatory notes

edit
  1. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988
  2. ^ This island is the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay.
  3. ^ Giovanni da Verrazzano named a place on Rhode Island Puntum Iovianum in honor of his friend Paolo Giovio (Jovium in Latin) (1483–1542), humanist and historian. Giovio owned the Cèllere Codex of Verrazzano containing the text of his first trip.
  4. ^ A somewhat similar ore has been described in Taberg, Sweden.[76]

Citations

edit
  1. ^ "Rhode Island Government: Government". RI.gov. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  2. ^ a b "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates".
  3. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  4. ^ "2020 Census Apportionment Results". The United States Census Bureau. April 26, 2021. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  5. ^ "Median Annual Household Income". KFF. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  6. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8
  7. ^ "Rhode Island". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  8. ^ "RG 042/RG 042.03. Rhode Island-New York Boundary, 1942-1944". Secretary of State. Archived from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  9. ^ "Table 1. Apportionment Population and Number of Representatives by State: 2020 Census" (PDF). Census Bureau. April 26, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  10. ^ a b Lemons, J. Stanley. "Rhode Island | Map, Population, History, Beaches, & Facts". Britannica. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  11. ^ "Rhode Island – History". Britannica. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  12. ^ "The May 4, 1776, Act of Renunciation". Secretary of State of Rhode Island. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  13. ^ Jensen, Merrill (1959). The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. xi, 184. ISBN 978-0-299-00204-6.
  14. ^ "Letter from Certain Citizens of Rhode Island to the Federal Convention". Ashland, Ohio: Teaching American History. May 11, 1787. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  15. ^ Flexner, James Thomas (1984). Washington, The Indispensable Man. New York: Signet. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-451-12890-4.
  16. ^ Vile, John R. (2005). The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Volume 1: A-M). ABC-CLIO. p. 658. ISBN 978-1-85109-669-5. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  17. ^ "Rhode Island's Ratification". The U.S. Constitution Online. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  18. ^ a b Shamsian, Jacob (November 4, 2020). "Rhode Islanders voted to strip the word 'plantations' from their official state name". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  19. ^ a b Office of the Secretary of State: A. Ralph Mollis: State Library Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Sos.ri.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
  20. ^ U.S. Const. Art. I, s. 2, cl. 3.
  21. ^ "A Brief History of the Colony of Rhode Island, 1630-1690". Celebrate Boston. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
  22. ^ "Rhode Island Geography Maps". RI Department of Labor & Training. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  23. ^ Verrazano, Giovanni. Verrazano's voyage along the Atlantic coast of North America, 1524. State University of New York at Albany. p. 10. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
  24. ^ Samuel Greene Arnold (1859). "1636–1700". Appleton. p. 70. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2015 – via Google Books.
  25. ^ "Joannes de Laet". S4U Languages (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  26. ^ Elisha Potter (1835). The Early History of Narragansett. Collections of the Rhode-Island Historical Society, Volume 3. p. 22. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2020 – via Google Books.
  27. ^ Office of the Secretary of State: A. Ralph Mollis: State Library Archived November 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Sos.ri.gov. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.
  28. ^ Hamilton B. Staples (1882). "Origins of the Names of the State of the Union". Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, Volume 1. p. 367. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2018 – via Google Books.
  29. ^ "Rhode Island Colony Facts". Softschools.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  30. ^ Warren, James (June 12, 2018). God, War, and Providence: the Epic Struggle of Roger Williams and the Narragansett Indians against the Puritans of New England. Scribner. p. 138. ISBN 978-1501180415.
  31. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian. "God, Government and Roger Williams' Big Idea". Smithsonian Magazine.
  32. ^ "Rhode Island Charter". www.sos.ri.gov. Rhode Island Secretary of State. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  33. ^ Macris, Gina (November 3, 2010). "Strong 'no' to changing R.I. name". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
  34. ^ Doiron, Sarah (June 18, 2020). "Senate unanimously approves resolution on removing 'Providence Plantations' from RI's official name". WPRI.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  35. ^ DaSilva, Melanie; Doiron, Sarah (June 22, 2020). "Raimondo signs executive order removing 'Providence Plantations' from official documents". Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  36. ^ "The State of Rhode Island General Assembly". Rhode Island General Assembly. Rhode Island. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  37. ^ "Journal of the Rhode Island Senate, Volume 147, No. 25" (PDF). Rhode Island General Assembly. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2020. (PDF)
  38. ^ "Voters strip 'Providence Plantations' from Rhode Island's formal name". PBS NewsHour. November 4, 2020. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  39. ^ "Rhode Island Indian Tribes and Languages". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  40. ^ Swanton, John Reed. The Indian Tribes of North America. pp. 27–29.
  41. ^ a b An Album of Rhode Island History by Patrick T. Conley
  42. ^ "Roger Williams to John Winthrop". Winthrop Family Papers. Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  43. ^ "Charter of Rhode Island (1663)". Lonang.com. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  44. ^ Michael Tougias (1997). "King Philip's War in New England". The History Place. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010.
  45. ^ "King Philip's War". Military History Online. July 17, 2004. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  46. ^ Purvis, Thomas L. (May 14, 2014). Colonial America To 1763. Infobase Publishing. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4381-0799-8. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  47. ^ "The Unrighteous Traffick". The Providence Journal. March 12, 2006. Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  48. ^ Ricardo Howell. "Slavery, the Brown Family of Providence, and Brown University". The Brown University News Service. Archived from the original on June 15, 2009.
  49. ^ The General Assembly of the Governor and Company of the English Colony of the Rhode Island (June 14, 1774). The Rhode Island Census of 1774 (Report). Hon. General Assembly. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
  50. ^ Kenya Evelyn (June 24, 2020). "Rhode Island Moves To Change Official Name Over Slavery Ties". The Guardian – US Edition. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  51. ^ Widmer, Ted (2015). Brown: The History of An Idea. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 42.
  52. ^ "Welcome". Gaspee Virtual Archives. Gaspee Days Committee. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  53. ^ "Know Rhode Island, RI Secretary of State". Sos.ri.gov. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  54. ^ "Rhode Island Ratification of the U.S. Constitution". Usconstitution.net. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  55. ^ Dearden, Paul F (1980). The Rhode Island Campaign of 1778. Providence, RI: Rhode Island Bicentennial Federation. ISBN 978-0-917012-17-4. OCLC 60041024.
  56. ^ Duchesneau, John T.; Troost-Cramer, Kathleen (2014). Fort Adams: A History. The History Press. pp. 16–19. ISBN 9781625850584. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  57. ^ Wills, Matthew (February 17, 2022). "The Dorr Rebellion for Voting Rights". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  58. ^ Bolles, John Augustus (1842). The Affairs of Rhode Island, Being a Review of President Wayland's Discourse, a Vindication of the Sovereignty of the People, and a Refutation of the Doctrines and Doctors of Despotism. Boston: B.T. Albro. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  59. ^ Webster, Daniel (1848). The Rhode Island Question: Mr. Webster's Argument in the Supreme Court of the United States in the Case of Martin Luther vs. Luther M. Borden and Others, January 27th, 1848. Washington, D.C.: J. and G.S. Gideon. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  60. ^ Pitman, Joseph S. (1844). Report on the Trial of Thomas Wilson Dorr, for Treason Against the State of Rhode Island, Containing the Arguments of Counsel, and the Charge of Chief Justice Durfee. Boston: Tappan & Dennet. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  61. ^ King, Dan (1859). The Life and Times of Thomas Wilson Dorr, with Outlines of the Political History of Rhode Island. Boston: Dan King. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  62. ^ "In 1843, slavery was banned in Rhode Island". Newport Daily News. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  63. ^ Hallenbeck, Brent (August 2, 2022). "Vampires in Vermont? That's what some people thought in 1792". Burlington Free Press. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
  64. ^ Milligan, Markus (May 11, 2022). "The New England vampire panic". HeritageDaily. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
  65. ^ "Rhode Island History: CHAPTER V: Change, Controversy, and War, 1846–1865". Archived from the original on February 3, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2006.
  66. ^ McLoughlin, William G (1986). Rhode Island: A History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 148–168. ISBN 978-0393302714.
  67. ^ "Rhode Island History: Chapter VII: Boom, Bust, and War, 1900–1945". Archived from the original on March 2, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2006.
  68. ^ Robert Smith (April 26, 1999). "In the 1920s the Klan Ruled the Countryside". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.
  69. ^ "Providence Neighborhood Profiles". Archived from the original on April 25, 2006.
  70. ^ Official Government Web Portal for the State of Rhode Island www.ri.gov/facts/history.php accessed May 24, 2014.
  71. ^ "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S. Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. Archived from the original on November 2, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2006.
  72. ^ Olson, D.M.; Dinerstein, E.; et al. (2001). "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth". BioScience. 51 (11): 933–938. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568.
  73. ^ US Geological Survey topographical map Providence 1:250,000 (NK 19-7) 1958
  74. ^ US Geological Survey topographical map Block Island (1:100,000) 30 × 60 minute series 1984 (41071-A1-TM-100)
  75. ^ "Cumberlandite". Mineral Resource Data. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  76. ^ Quinn, Alonzo W (1949). "Bedrock Geology of Rhode Island". Geological Survey Bulletin (1295). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior: 31. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  77. ^ Recorded Highest Temperatures by State Archived April 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Information Please Almanac
  78. ^ Recorded Lowest Temperatures by State Archived April 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Information Please Almanac
  79. ^ "Average Temperature Range". Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  80. ^ "City and Town Population Totals: 2010–2017". Quickfacts.census.gov. March 12, 2019. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  81. ^ "Homepage of the Town of South Kingstown". Archived from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  82. ^ "State Capitol". VisitRhodeIsland.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2008.
  83. ^ "Who built the Newport Tower?". Newport Tower Museum. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  84. ^ Schlossberg, Tatiana (December 14, 2016). "America's First Offshore Wind Farm Spins to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  85. ^ "Multi-State ZEV Action Plane: ZEV Program Implementation Task Force" (PDF). dem.ri.gov. May 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  86. ^ "EPA Awards $17.5 Million to Clean Up Brownfield Sites in New England; Funds help protect health, the environment and Revitalize communities". Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  87. ^ "Providence Environmental Initiative Will Transform Vacant City-Owned Parcels into Urban Farms". Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  88. ^ "Rhode Island First State in Nation to Prohibit School Construction on Vapor Intrusion Brownfield Sites – Clean Water Action". Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  89. ^ "Act on Climate". State of Rhode Island, Climate Change. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  90. ^ Annie Simpson; Catherine Jarnevich; John Madsen; Randy Westbrooks; Christine Fournier; Les Mehrhoff; Michael Browne; Jim Graham; Elizabeth Sellers (2009). "Invasive species information networks: collaboration at multiple scales for prevention, early detection, and rapid response to invasive alien species". Biodiversity. 10 (2 & 3): 5–13. Bibcode:2009Biodi..10b...5S. doi:10.1080/14888386.2009.9712839. S2CID 84730109.
  91. ^ "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  92. ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
  93. ^ "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State".
  94. ^ "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF).
  95. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Rhode Island". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  96. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  97. ^ a b "Explore Census Data".
  98. ^ a b "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  99. ^ "Cannot GET /city/RI". January 11, 2014. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
  100. ^ "2010". Decennial Census of Population and Housing. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  101. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  102. ^ "Immigrants in Rhode Island" (PDF).
  103. ^ a b "Rhode Island". Quickfacts.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 15, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  104. ^ "Language Map Data Center". Mla.org. July 17, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  105. ^ "Rhode Island – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008.
  106. ^ Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  107. ^ a b "Explore Census Data".
  108. ^ "Obama grants 12-month extension to Liberians on DED". The Providence Journal c/o The African Media Network. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
  109. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  110. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  111. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  112. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  113. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  114. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  115. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  116. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  117. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  118. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  119. ^ "U.S. Religion Map and Religious Populations – U.S. Religious Landscape Study – Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life". Religions.pewforum.org. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  120. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  121. ^ "The Largest Roman Catholic Communities". Adherents.com. April 29, 1999 [Last updated: July 29, 2000]. Archived from the original on August 18, 2000. Retrieved February 13, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  122. ^ a b "2020 Religious Affiliations PRRI". ava.prri.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  123. ^ a b c "2022 Religious Affiliations PRRI". ava.prri.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  124. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census".
  125. ^ "American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010".
  126. ^ "Slater Mill acquired by US National Park Service". WPRI.com. January 26, 2021. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  127. ^ "Slater Mill". Slater Mill Historic Site. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  128. ^ "Rhode Island Economy at a Glance". US Dept. of Labor. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  129. ^ "Rhode Island Has the Highest Salaries for Elementary School Teachers in US". GoLocalProv. Archived from the original on January 23, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
  130. ^ "Nation's Largest Banks". Nyjobsource.com. June 30, 2009. Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  131. ^ "Fortune 500 2009: Top 1000 American Companies – Exxon Mobil – XOM". CNN. Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  132. ^ "State-Level Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices, 2004". US Dept. of Energy. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  133. ^ "Energy consumption per capita, 2003". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
  134. ^ "Energy Consumption: Red State and Blue State Comparisons". sustainablemiddleclass.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
  135. ^ "Massachusetts ranks No. 1 in energy efficiency". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012.
  136. ^ Kuffner, Alex (October 20, 2011). "RI moves up in state energy efficiency rankings". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on November 27, 2011.
  137. ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  138. ^ "Bureau of Labor Statisitics". Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  139. ^ "Rhode Island Economy at a Glance". www.bls.gov. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  140. ^ "Facts about Rhode Island". Visitrhodeisland.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  141. ^ "State Level Data". 2017 Census of Agriculture (Report). Vol. 1. United States Department of Agriculture. April 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
  142. ^ a b Downing, Neil. "Rhode Island taxes rising, now seventh in the country". Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
  143. ^ "State Individual Income Taxes" (PDF). Federation of Tax Administrators. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  144. ^ "Carcieri signs law changing income tax structure". Projo 7 to 7 News Blog | The Providence Journal. June 9, 2010. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  145. ^ "R.I. General Assembly approves income tax overhaul". The Providence Journal. June 5, 2010. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  146. ^ "Chapter VIII, The Era of Transition. 1946–1983". rilin.state.ri.us. State of Rhode Island General Assembly. December 29, 2009. Archived from the original on September 2, 2012.
  147. ^ "Top Employers in Rhode Island" (PDF). Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation. March 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2013.
  148. ^ "General Dynamics Electric Boat". Gdeb.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  149. ^ "RIPTA: No Newport ferry service in 2010". Pbn.com. December 7, 2012. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  150. ^ "Block Island Ferry". Block Island Ferry. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  151. ^ "Prudence Island Ferry". Prudenceferry.com. October 15, 2012. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  152. ^ "State of Rhode Island: Department of Transportation: Intermodal Planning". Dot.state.ri.us. October 27, 2010. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  153. ^ "Providence Journal | Rhode Island news, sports, weather & more". Projo.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  154. ^ a b "Project Documents & Reports". Transit Forward RI 2040. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  155. ^ Patrick Anderson (November 29, 2019). "Big ideas for RIPTA's future: New rail through Providence, designated bus lanes to suburbs". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  156. ^ "Brown University Campus Map" (PDF). Brown University. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  157. ^ "This phonemic and phonetic arrangement of the low back vowels makes Rhode Island more similar to New York City than to the rest of New England Archived September 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine". Labov, William et al. (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter.
  158. ^ "Guide to Rhode Island Language Stuff". Quahog.org. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
  159. ^ Vaux, Bert; Jøhndal, Marius L. (2009). "[survey.johndal.com/results/ The Cambridge online survey of world Englishes]." University of Cambridge.
  160. ^ "Calamari is now Rhode Island's official appetizer", abc6.com, AP, June 27, 2014, archived from the original on July 16, 2020, retrieved July 16, 2020
  161. ^ Ruth Reichl, John Willoughby, Zanne Early Stewart The Gourmet Cookbook: More Than 1000 Recipes Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006 ISBN 0-618-80692-X, 9780618806928 1056 pages page 50 The Gourmet Cookbook Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  162. ^ RI.gov (July 20, 2000). "RI Government Facts and History". Ri.gov. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  163. ^ "Body of Proof". Film.ri.gov. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  164. ^ "Body of Proof". Abc.go.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  165. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Rhode Island history and facts of interest" (PDF). Rhode Island State Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 27, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
  166. ^ "Slater Mill Today". Slater Mill Historic Site. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
  167. ^ "The First Baptist Church". The First Baptist Church in America. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010.
  168. ^ "Terminal Improvement Project". Rhode Island Airport Corporation. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  169. ^ Michael Kusterman. "United States:Rhode Island". PlatesUSA.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  170. ^ "Quahog.org: Rhode Island Beaches". Quahog.org. Archived from the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
  171. ^ Constitution of the State of Rhode Island (1986), Article I, Section 17
  172. ^ "Shore subjects in R.I.: Limited beach access and the right to collect seaweed". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  173. ^ Supreme Court of Rhode Island (July 20, 1982). "State v. James Ibbison III et al. 448 A.2d 728 (1982)". Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  174. ^ "'We will get access': Study commission hears from R.I.'ers on shoreline rights". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  175. ^ "Drawing a line: Why shore access in R.I. might be even more limited than it appears". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  176. ^ Brian Amaral (December 8, 2021). "Water woes wash over the Ocean State". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  177. ^ D'Amato, Don. "Warwick's Villages & Historic Places". City of Warwick. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  178. ^ Nesi, Ted. "Here's why Rhode Island is the only state that celebrates Victory Day". WPRI. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  179. ^ "Home > State Library > History of Rhode Island > State Facts & Figures". Rhode Island Office of the Secretary of State. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
  180. ^ Forliti, Amy. "For 2-ton, blue termite, near-cult status in R.I." southcoasttoday.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  181. ^ Milkovits, Amanda; Fitzpatrick, Edward (May 1, 2020). "Rhode Islanders show we are all in this together — even the Big Blue Bug". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  182. ^ "NFL History by Decade". Nfl.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  183. ^ Ian Bridge (February 18, 2011). "Inaugural USARL Line-up Announced". league13.info. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  184. ^ "USARL Constitution & Teams announced". usarl.com. USA Rugby League. February 18, 2011. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  185. ^ "MAIN". Rebellion-rugby.com. June 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  186. ^ "James Henry Van Alen II – Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame". Retrieved February 15, 2023.
  187. ^ Bala, Gary (February 16, 2010). "A Brief History of Tennis* -". Essential Tennis. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
  188. ^ "High School Rugby League Kicks Off in USA". USARL.com. November 14, 2013. Archived from the original on November 18, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  189. ^ Leip, David. "General Election Results – Rhode Island". United States Election Atlas. Archived from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  190. ^ "Democrat Gina Raimondo becomes Rhode Island's first female governor". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
  191. ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Rhode Island". US Election Atlas. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  192. ^ "New Jersey Presidential Election Voting History". 270towin.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  193. ^ Stewart, Charles. "nationwide2004". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2007. taken from web.mit.edu Archived August 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  194. ^ "CNN Election Results by town in Rhode Island". Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
  195. ^ J. Pomante II, Michael; Li, Quan (December 15, 2020). "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 19 (4): 503–509. doi:10.1089/elj.2020.0666. S2CID 225139517.
  196. ^ "Rhode Island Voter Registration". Rhode Island Department of State. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  197. ^ Eric Tucker. "Rhode Island police seek stricter anti-prostitution laws". Union-Tribune Publishing Co. Archived from the original on September 5, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  198. ^ "Safest States". Walletpop.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  199. ^ "RI becomes 19th state to legalize recreational marijuana". WPRI.com. May 25, 2022. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  200. ^ "RI Gov. Chafee signs bill allowing civil unions". WHDH-TV 7News. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  201. ^ David Klepper (May 2, 2013). "Rhode Island Becomes 10th State With Gay Marriage". Archived from the original on May 21, 2013.

General bibliography

edit

Primary sources

edit

Secondary sources

edit
  • Adams, James Truslow. The Founding of New England (1921)
  • Adams, James Truslow. Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776 (1923)
  • Adams, James Truslow. New England in the Republic, 1776–1850 (1926)
  • Andrews, Charles M. The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths (1919). Short survey by leading scholar.
  • Axtell, James, ed. The American People in Colonial New England (1973), new social history
  • Brewer, Daniel Chauncey. Conquest of New England by the Immigrant (1926).
  • Coleman, Peter J. The Transformation of Rhode Island, 1790–1860 (1963)
  • Conforti, Joseph A. Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (2001)
  • Dennison, George M. The Dorr War: Republicanism on Trial, 1831–1861 (1976)
  • Hall, Donald, ed. Encyclopedia of New England (2005)
  • Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (1998)
  • Lovejoy, David S. Rhode Island Politics and the American Revolution, 1760–1776 (1969)
  • McLaughlin, William. Rhode Island: A Bicentennial History (1976)
  • Moondancer & Strong Woman "Cultural History of the Native Peoples of Southern New England". Bauu Press. (2007).
  • Palfrey, John Gorham. History of New England Archived July 28, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (5 vol. 1859–90)
  • "Slavery in Rhode Island". Slavery in the North. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  • Sletcher, Michael. New England. (2004).
  • Stephenson, Nathaniel Wright. Nelson W. Aldrich, a Leader in American Politics (1930).
  • WPA. Guide to Rhode Island (1939).
  • Zimmerman, Joseph F. The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action Archived November 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (1999)
edit
Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
Ratified Constitution on May 29, 1790 (13th)
Succeeded by

41°42′N 71°30′W / 41.7°N 71.5°W / 41.7; -71.5 (State of Rhode Island)