Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs in the pea family Fabaceae. The species have a pantropical distribution.[4][5] The generic name is derived from sophera, an Arabic name for a pea-flowered tree.[6]
| Sophora | |
|---|---|
| |
| Sophora chrysophylla flowers and leaves | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Sophoreae |
| Genus: | Sophora L. (1753) |
| Type species | |
| Sophora tomentosa L.[1]
| |
| Species | |
|
59–116; see text | |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
| |
The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably Styphnolobium (pagoda tree genus), which differs in lacking nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) on the roots, and Dermatophyllum (the mescalbeans). Styphnolobium has galactomannans as seed polysaccharide reserve, in contrast Sophora contains arabinogalactans, and Dermatophyllum amylose.
The New Zealand Sophora species are known as kowhai.[7]
The seeds of species such as Sophora affinis and Sophora chrysophylla are reported to be poisonous.[8]
Fossil record
editOne Sophora fossil seed pod from the middle Eocene epoch has been described from the Miller clay pit in Henry County, Tennessee, United States.[9]
Species
editSophora comprises the following species:[2][7][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
- Sophora albescens (Rehder) C.Y. Ma
- Sophora albopetiolulata Léonard
- Sophora alopecuroides L.—sophora root
- var. alopecuroides
- var. tomentosa (Boiss.) Bornm.
- Sophora bakeri Prain
- Sophora benthamii Steenis
- Sophora brachygyna C.Y. Ma
- Sophora cassioides (Phil.) Sparre—Pelú (Chile)[17]
- Sophora chathamica Cockayne—coastal kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem.—Māmane (Hawaii)
- Sophora davidi (Franch.) Skeels
- Sophora denudata Bory
- Sophora dunii Craib
- Sophora exigua Craib
- Sophora fernandeziana (Phil.) Skottsb. (Juan Fernández Islands)
- var. fernandeziana (Phil.) Skottsb.
- var. reedeana (R.A.Phillips) Skottsb.
- Sophora flavescens Aiton—ku shen (Eastern Asia)
- var. flavescens Aiton
- var. galegoides (Pall.) DC.
- var. kronei (Hance) C.Y.Ma
- Sophora franchetiana Dunn
- Sophora fraseri Benth.
- Sophora fulvida (Allan) Heenan & de Lange—Waitakere kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora gibbosa (DC.) Yakovlev
- Sophora godleyi—Godley kowhai, papa kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora howinsula (W.R.B.Oliv.) P.S.Green —lignum vitae, Lord Howe kowhai
- Sophora huamotensis Mattapha, Suddee & Rueangr.
- Sophora inhambanensis Klotzsch
- Sophora interrupta Bedd.
- Sophora jaubertii Spach
- Sophora koreensis Nakai – Korean necklace pod[18]
- Sophora leachiana M. Peck
- Sophora linearifolia Griseb.
- Sophora longicarinata (G.Simpson) Allan—limestone kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora longipes Merr.
- Sophora macnabiana (Graham) Skottsb.
- Sophora macrocarpa Sm. — mayo or mayú (Chile)
- Sophora mangarevaensis H.St.John (French Polynesia)
- Sophora masafuerana (Phil.) Skottsb. (Juan Fernández Islands)
- Sophora microcarpa C.Y. Ma
- Sophora microphylla Aiton—small-leaved kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker
- subsp. griffithii (Stocks) Ali
- subsp. mollis (Royle) Baker
- Sophora molloyi—Cook Strait Kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora moorcroftiana (Benth.) Benth. ex Baker
- Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner
- Sophora oblongata P.C.Tsoong
- Sophora pachycarpa Schrenk ex C.A.Mey.
- Sophora praetorulosa Chun & T. Chen
- Sophora prostrata Buchanan—dwarf kowhai, prostrate kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora raivavaeensis H.St.John (French Polynesia)
- Sophora rapaensis H.St.John (French Polynesia)
- Sophora reedeana (Phil.) Yakovlev
- Sophora rhynchocarpa Griseb. (unplaced)
- Sophora saxicola Proctor (Jamaica)
- Sophora secundiflora, a popular landscape plant, was reclassified to Dermatophyllum secundiflorum.
- Sophora songarica Schrenk
- Sophora stenophylla A. Gray
- Sophora tetraptera J.F. Mill.—large-leaved kowhai, Taupo kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora tomentosa L.—necklace pod (Pantropical on coasts)
- subsp. littoralis (Schrad.) Yakovlev
- subsp. occidentalis (L.) Brummitt
- subsp. tomentosa L.
- Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep.
- Sophora toromiro Skottsb.—toromiro (Easter Island)
- Sophora velutina Lindl.
- subsp. cavaleriei (H.Lev.) Brummitt & J.B.Gillett
- subsp. velutina Lindl.
- subsp. zimbabweensis J. B. Gillett & Brummitt
- Sophora violacea Thwaites
- Sophora wightii Baker (India)
- Sophora xanthoantha C.Y. Ma
- Sophora yunnanensis C.Y. Ma
- Sophora zeylanica Trimen
Species names with uncertain taxonomic status
editThe status of the following species is unresolved:[16]
- Sophora angustifolia Q.Q.Liu & H.Y.Ye
- Sophora biflora Houtt.
- Sophora biflora Retz.
- Sophora buxifolia Retz.
- Sophora chathamica Cockayne
- Sophora coerulea Moench
- Sophora cuneifolia Steud.
- Sophora davidii (Franch.) Skeels
- Sophora donihuensis Ravenna
- Sophora genistaefolia Salisb.
- Sophora genistoides L.
- Sophora glabra Moench
- Sophora glabra Hassk.
- Sophora godleyi Heenan & de Lange
- Sophora grandiflora (Salisb.) Skottsb.
- Sophora grisea O.Deg. & Sherff
- Sophora hirsuta Aiton
- Sophora houghiana Wall.
- Sophora howinsula (W.R.B. Oliv.) P. Green
- Sophora jabandas Montrouz.
- Sophora juncea Schrad.
- Sophora ludovice-Adecim-Asexta Buc'hoz
- Sophora mangarevaensis H.St.John
- Sophora mecosperma J.St.-Hil.
- Sophora molloyi Heenan & de Lange
- Sophora molokaiensis O. Degener & I. Degener
- Sophora mutabilis Salisb.
- Sophora myrtillifolia Retz.
- Sophora oblongata P.C.Tsoong
- Sophora oblongifolia Ruiz & Pav.
- Sophora oligophylla Baker
- Sophora pendula Spach
- Sophora pentaphylla Desv.
- Sophora persica (Boiss. & Buhse) Rech.f.
- Sophora praetorulosa Chun & T.C. Chen
- Sophora raivavaeensis H.St.John
- Sophora rapaensis H.St.John
- Sophora robinoides Walp.
- Sophora senegalensis Deless. ex DC.
- Sophora sibirica Holub
- Sophora sinica Rosier
- Sophora sinuata Larrañaga
- Sophora sororia Hance
- Sophora sumatrana Yakovlev
- Sophora sylvatica Burch.
- Sophora tetraptera J. Miller
- Sophora tiloebsis Blume ex Miq.
- Sophora tiloensis Blume ex Miq.
- Sophora trifolia Steud.
- Sophora triphylla Sweet
- Sophora vanioti H. Lév.
- Sophora vestita Nakai
- Sophora viciifolis Hance
References
edit- ^ "Sophora L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
- ^ a b Sophora L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "Genus: Sophora L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-11-03. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
- ^ "PLANTS Profile Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner silky sophora". USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
- ^ "PLANTS Profile Sophora tomentosa L.yellow necklacepod". USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
- ^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
- ^ a b Heenan PB, de Lange PJ, Wilton AD (2001). "Sophora (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography". New Zealand J Bot. 39 (1): 17–53. Bibcode:2001NZJB...39...17H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715.
- ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 529. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
- ^ The Fossil History of Leguminosae from the Eocene of Southeastern North America by Patrick S. Herendeen, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P.S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 0 947643 40 0
- ^ Tsoong P-C, Ma C-Y (1981). "A study on the genus Sophora Linn" (PDF). Acta Phytotaxon Sin. 19 (1): 1–22.
- ^ Tsoong P-C, Ma C-Y (1981). "A study on the genus Sophora Linn. (Cont.)" (PDF). Acta Phytotaxon Sin. 19 (2): 143–167.
- ^ Hurr KA, Lockhart PJ, Heenan PB, Penny D (1999). "Evidence for the recent dispersal of Sophora (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data". J Biogeogr. 26 (3): 565–577. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26..565H. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00302.x. JSTOR 2656144. S2CID 84721754.
- ^ Michell AB, Heenan PB (2002). "Sophora sect. Edwardsia (Fabaceae): further evidence from nrDNA sequence data of a recent and rapid radiation around the Southern Oceans". Bot J Linn Soc. 140 (4): 435–441. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00101.x.
- ^ Staff writer(s); no by-line. "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Sophora". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Sophora". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- ^ a b "The Plant List entry for Sophora". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- ^ Heenan PB (2001). "The correct name for Chilean pelú (Fabaceae): the identity of Edwardsia macnabiana and the reinstatement of Sophora cassioides". New Zealand J Bot. 39 (1): 167–170. Bibcode:2001NZJB...39..167H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512725.
- ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 450. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
External links
editMedia related to Sophora at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Sophora at Wikispecies
- Sophora macrocarpa pictures from Chilebosque