The siege of Fort Medina took place in 1857 at Médine, on the left bank of the Senegal River in present-day Mali. The Toucouleur forces of Omar Saidou Tall unsuccessfully besieged native and French colonial troops commanded by Paul Holle. After 97 days of siege, a relief force under French Governor Louis Faidherbe lifted the siege and forced the Toucouleur army to retreat.
| Siege of Medina Fort | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the French colonial wars | |||||||
 Eugene Mage's view of the lifting of the siege of Fort Medina, from Voyage dans le Soudan occidental (1868) | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 French EmpireKhasso | Toucouleur Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Paul Holle Louis Faidherbe | Omar Saidou Tall | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
1,000 soldiers (64 with modern firearm knowledge) 4 cannons Relief force: 800 soldiers and 2 gunboats | 15,000 soldiers | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
31 killed 95 wounded[2] |
2,000 killed[3] many wounded | ||||||
Background
editAlthough France had been present on the coast of what is now Senegal since the 17th century with Saint-Louis and Gorée, it had never attempted to expand outside of these two settlements. In 1854 however, Colonel Louis Faidherbe was appointed Governor of Senegal and soon began an expansion of French interests into Waalo and up the Senegal River, alongside which the French began establishing a series of forts.[4] The army moved troops, cannon and other supplies by steamship where possible and overland where not.
In 1848, Omar Tall launched his jihad against neighboring Malinké regions. By 1855, his rapid expansion had led to several skirmishes with the French army. With the authorization of his ally, Khasso Queen Hawa Demba Diallo, Governor Faidherbe ordered a fort built at the Khasso village of Medina, not far from Kayes.
Siege
editIn late April 1857, the entire Toucouleur army, roughly 20,000 warriors under Oumar Tall, marched on the village of Médine.[5][6]
Fort Médine's garrison consisted in the fort's commander Paul Holle, seven white French soldiers, 22 Senegalese Tirailleurs and 34 sailors from Saint-Louis.[7][8][9] The population of the village, numbering roughly 6,000 immediately sought shelter in the fort as the Toucouleur forces appeared.[10]
On April 20, the Toucouleur launched their first assault on the fort.[10] Using ladders made from palm tree branches, Toucouleur warriors attempted to climb the wall, under devastating rifle and cannon fire from the defenders. French firepower proved too strong however, and the Toucouleur eventually withdrew from the walls, leaving 300 dead behind. The French had lost 6 killed and 13 wounded in the attack.[10]
In the night of 11 May, some 200 Toucouleur warriors landed on a small island on the river about 100 meters from the fort, where large rocks gave them a well covered position to fire on the fort while being protected from French fire.[10] On the morning, Holle sent sergeant Desplats with 8 tirailleurs and 3 sailors in a summarily fortified boat to attack the Toucouleur party from behind. The surprised Toucouleur warriors left their cover in panic and half of them were killed by the fort's defenders' heavy fire, while many others drowned while hastily fleeing from the island.[10]
In the night of 4-5 June, the Toucouleur army attempted a second assault on the fort, but it was less resolute than the first one and was easily repulsed by the French.[11] However, French ammunition and food reserves were running low.[11]
Due to the low tide of the river, Holle was rather pessimistic about the arrival of a relief force. Along with sergeant Desplats, he took some dispositions to blow up the fort should the enemy manage to take over.[11] To avoid affecting the morale of the defenders, both men kept it a secret from the rest of the troops.[11]
On 2 July, Governor Faidherbe and the gunboat Basilic had departed from Saint-Louis to rescue Fort-Médine, but the low level of the river prevented them from reaching their goal. In the night of July 17 however, the flow of the river finally increased after massive rains, and the Basilic could finally continue its way upstream.[12]
On 18 July, Faidherbe arrived at Médine on the Basilic, alongside 400 tirailleurs and 100 white troops.[13][12] After landing, Faidherbe's men launched a bayonet charge on a small hill held by some Toucouleur warriors, and from there unleashed a heavy rifle and artillery fire on the main Toucouleur force below.[12] As the Toucouleurs fled alongside the river toward the fort, men who had remained on the Basilic sprayed them with an intense gunfire. The Toucouleur army disbanded and left the vicinity of Médine in disorganized retreat.[12] As soon as the enemy had disappeared from sight, the starved civilians hidden in the fort came out to eat grass and roots nearby.[12] Once the fighting was over, the Basilic discharged its food supply to the fort.
For his stubborn defense of Fort-Médine, Paul Holle was awarded the Legion of Honour.[14]
Consequences
editFollowing the relief of Fort Médine, Faidherbe signed a treaty with the Omar Tall gaining concessions for the French down to the Niger River.[15][16]
Realizing the difficulties of attacking the well-equipped French, Omar Tall turned his attention to the neighboring Bambara Empire, conquering most of its territory including its capital of Ségou in 1861.[17] However, the French continued to expand their West African presence, conquering Ségou and the Toucouleur Empire less than thirty years after Omar Taal's death.
Present-day Medine
editThe Fort of Médine is open to the public. The Fort is located about 12 km east of Kayes on the "road to Bamako." There is also an old railroad station and European-style cemetery with graves from the mid-19th century. The village population is around 1800 with a small market daily.
References
edit- ^ Robinson 1985, p. 210.
- ^ Robinson 1988, p. 203.
- ^ Robinson, David (1988). La Guerre sainte d'Al-Hajj Umar: le Soudan occidental au milieu du XIXe siècle, Volume 9 de Hommes et sociétés. KARTHALA Editions. p. 203. ISBN 9782865372119.
- ^ Crowder, Michael "History of French West Africa until Independence". In Oliver, Roland and Crowder, Michael, eds. (1990) Africa South of the Sahara London: Europa Publications, page 18
- ^ Delafosse, Maurice (1968). The Negroes of Africa: History and Culture. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. p. 92.
- ^ La Nouvelle revue, Volume 8. 1881. p. 19.
- ^ Robinson 1988, p. 196.
- ^ Dulaurier, Edouard (1861). Revue de l'Orient et de L'Algérie et de colonies: bulletin et actes de la Société orientale. Éditeur Société orientale. p. 181.
- ^ Martineau, Alfred (1931). Histoire des colonies françaises et de l'expansion de la France dans le monde. Tome 4. Plon. p. 138.
- ^ a b c d e Martineau 1931, p. 138.
- ^ a b c d Martineau 1931, p. 139.
- ^ a b c d e Martineau 1931, p. 141.
- ^ Pietri, Camille (1885). Les français au Niger: voyages et combats. Hachette. p. 90.
- ^ Soleillet, Paul (1887). Voyage à Ségou. Challamel. p. 120.
- ^ Vandervort, Bruce (1998). Wars Of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830–1914. London: UCL Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-253-21178-1.
- ^ Clingan, Edmund (2013). Century of Revolution: A World History, 1770–1870. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4759-9342-4.
- ^ Mbaye, Ravane (2011). "The Islamization of Africa". In El Hareir, Idris; Mbaye, Ravane (eds.). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. Different aspects of Islamic culture, 3. Paris: UNESCO. p. 343. ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2.
- This initial article was based on a translation of the corresponding article from the French Wikipedia, retrieved on July 5, 2005
- B.O. Oloruntimeehin. The Segu Tukulor Empire. Humanities Press, New York (1972). ISBN 0391002066
- Robinson, David (1985). The Holy War of Umar Tal: The Western Sudan in the mid-Nineteenth Century. Oxford: the Clarendon Press. Retrieved 23 August 2024.