Red Knight (Welsh: Marchog Coch, Cornish: Marghek Rudh, Breton: Marc'heg Ruz) is a title borne by several characters in Arthurian legend.
In legends
editTales of Perceval
editThe Red Knight prominently appears in the tales of the hero Perceval (Percival) as his early enemy.
- In Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval, the Story of the Grail, the Red Knight of the Forest of Quinqeroi steals a cup from King Arthur. He is killed by Perceval, who wears his armour and comes to be known as the Red Knight himself.[1]
- In Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival, a retelling of Chrétien's story, the Red Knight is identified as Sir Ither, the Red Knight of Kukumerlant, a cousin to both Arthur and Perceval. He too is killed by Perceval, who then puts on his armour.[2]
- In possibly Robert de Boron's Didot Perceval, Perceval kills the Red Knight in his youth, and later slays also the Red Knight's vengeful brother named Cahot the Red.[3]
- In Sir Perceval of Galles, Perceval kills the Red Knight, thus avenging his own father, and takes his armour. Wearing the armour, Perceval later finds the Red Knight's witch mother, deceives her into believing him to be her son, and burns her.[4][5]
Vulgate Cycle
edit- Lancelot is briefly called by this name (along that of the Black Knight) in the Vulgate Lancelot during his battles against Galehaut's forces.[6]
- In the Vulgate Suite de Merlin, two enemies of Arthur's are the lords of the castle Estremores, Roalais and Sir Belias of Estremores, who both called the Red Knights of Estremores.[7]
- In the Livre d'Artus, the Red Knight is a heathen prince named Oriols (Oriolz), son of Saxon king Aminaduc (a nephew of Hengist) and the unnamed Queen of Denmark (Danemarche). He dwells with his mother and others (including a trio of cannibal giants) in the cursed castle (later known as the Castle of Maidens) where they work to conquer Logres, until they are overthrown by Gawain and Sagramore and flee. He also appears in the Vulgate Merlin (and in its English adaptation Of Arthour and of Merlin) under variants of this name (Oriel, Oriens, Oriol, Oriolt, etc.), but not as the Red Knight. It is possible that he is related to the legend of Ogier the Dane.[8]
Le Morte d'Arthur
editTwo different Red Knights appear in the tale of Gareth in Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.
- The first of them is named Sir Perimones and is also known as "The Puce Knight", who, like his three brothers the Black Knight, Sir Partolope the "Green Knight" (distinct from the character in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight), and Sir Persant of Inde "The Blue Knight", is bested by the young Gareth.
- After these initial trials, Gareth must face the Red Knight of the Red Launds, whose real identity is Sir Ironside. Ironside has the strength of seven men and has trapped the princess of Lyonesse in a tower from which Gareth must save her. Though he had demonstrated a cruel and sadistic nature, Ironside is brought to Arthur's court and even made a Knight of the Round Table.
Other red knights
edit- In Chrétien's story Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, Esclados the Red (Old French: li Ros) is the guardian of an otherworldly fountain in the enchanted forest of Brocéliande. He appears as spouse of the lady Laudine (usually known as "the Lady of the Fountain") prior to Sir Yvain. He was slain by Yvain for attacking the latter's cousin, Sir Calogrenant, in defence of the magic fountain (or well, or spring).
- Gawain is known as the Red Knight for a brief time in Perlesvaus. In the same story, Percival also kills a pet lion of the Red Knight of the Deep Forest.
- In the Irish folklore tale Eachtra an Amadán Mor, the Red Knight is one of the knights defeated by Arthur's nephew known as the Great Fool.
In popular culture
edit- In the 1991 film The Fisher King, the Red Knight is a central character. He symbolises the fear, loss, and grief experienced by Parry, a mentally ill homeless man portrayed by Robin Williams.
- In the 1998 animated film Quest for Camelot, the Red Knight is given the name Sir Ruber (voiced by Gary Oldman), and is portrayed as a power-hungry villain attempting to claim Excalibur for himself.
- An episode of My Knight and Me features the Knight of Red or the Red Knight for short, who is depicted as a stereotypical gym teacher.
- In the 2019 young adult novel RWBY: After the Fall, the main antagonist, Carmine Esclados, is based on the Red Knight.
- In the Belgian comic book series De Rode Ridder, the main character, Johan, is named the Red Knight because of his red clothing.
- In Four Knights of the Apocalypse, a manga series based on Arthurian legend, the Red Knight is named Ironside and depicted as the father and personal nemesis of Percival.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Troyes, Chrétien de (15 March 2011). Perceval, Or, The Story of the Grail. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820340548 – via Google Books.
- ^ Eschenbach, Wolfram von (26 March 2009). Parzival and Titurel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953920-8 – via Google Books.
- ^ Kibler, William W.; Barton Palmer, R. (14 August 2014). Medieval Arthurian Epic and Romance: Eight New Translations. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4779-4.
- ^ "Perceval of Galles – Robbins Library Digital Projects".
- ^ Fulton, Helen (23 November 2011). A Companion to Arthurian Literature. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118234303 – via Google Books.
- ^ Lancelot of the Lake. Oxford University Press. 22 January 2024. ISBN 978-0-19-283793-6.
- ^ Bruce, Christopher W. (21 August 2013). The Arthurian Name Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755378.
- ^ Karr, Phyllis Ann (1983). The King Arthur Companion: The Legendary World of Camelot and the Round Table as Revealed by the Tales Themselves. Reston [Publishing Company]. ISBN 9780835936989.