Many countries offer subsidies to their railways because of the social and economic benefits that it brings. The economic benefits can greatly assist in funding the rail network. Those countries usually also fund or subsidize road construction, and therefore effectively also subsidize road transport. Rail subsidies vary in both size and how they are distributed, with some countries funding the infrastructure and others funding trains and their operators, while others have a mixture of both. Subsidies can be used for either investment in upgrades and new lines, or to keep lines running that create economic growth.
Rail subsidies are largest in China ($130 billion), Europe (€73 billion) and India ($35.8 billion), while the United States has relatively small subsidies for passenger rail with freight not subsidized.
Social and economic benefits of rail
editRailways channel growth toward dense city agglomerations and along their arteries. These arrangements help to regenerate cities, increase revenue from local taxes,[1] boost housing values, and encourage mixed use development. By contrast, a policy of highway expansion, which is more typical in the U.S., promotes the development of suburbs at the periphery, contributing to increased vehicle miles traveled, carbon emissions, development of greenfield spaces, and depletion of natural reserves.[2][3]
Modern rail as economic development indicator
editEuropean development economists have argued that the existence of modern rail infrastructure is a significant indicator of a country's economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through the Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index (known as BRTI Index).[4]
Subsidies by country
editEurope
editTotal EU rail subsidies amounted to €73 billion in 2005.[6]
| Country | Subsidy in billions of Euros | Year | Billion passenger-km travelled in 2014[7] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17.0 | 2014[8] | 79.3 | |
| 13.2 | 2013[9] | 83.9 | |
| 7.6 | 2012[10] | 39.7 | |
| 5.8 | 2012[11] | 18.4 | |
| 5.1 | 2015[12] | 24.5 | |
| 9.2 | 2016[13] | 65.1 | |
| 2.8 | 2012[14] | 10.8 | |
| 2.5 | 2014[15] | 17 | |
| 3.7 | 2021 | 11.4 | |
| 1.7 | 2008[5] | 5.8 | |
| 1.6 | 2009[16] | 6.1 | |
| 1.4 | 2008[5] | 11.9 | |
| 0.91 | 2008[5] | 1.7 |
Note that several operators that do not receive subsidies also exist, including virtually all long-haul and high-speed services in France and Germany.[citation needed]
China
editIn 2015, total domestic rail spending by China was $128 billion and was likely to remain at a similar rate for the rest of the country's next Five Year Period (2016-2020).[17] A planned 8,000 kilometres (about 5,000 miles) of track will be added domestically, with a goal of better connecting existing domestic track with other foreign railway systems.
India
editThe Indian railways are subsidised by around Rs 2.4trillion ($35.8 billion), of which around 60% goes to commuter rail and short-haul trips.[18][19][20]
United States
editCurrent subsidies for Amtrak (passenger rail) are around $1.4 billion. The rail freight industry does not receive direct subsidies.
Russia
editIn total, Russian Railways receives 112 billion rubles (around US$1.5 billion) annually from the government.[21]
Japan
editThe privatized rail network in Japan requires few subsidies. The three biggest companies, JR East, JR Central and JR-West (which account for 60% of the passenger market) receive no state subsidy.[22]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2015). "New coefficients of rail transport usage" (PDF). International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT). 5 (6): 89–91. ISSN 2277-3754.
- ^ Squires, G. Ed. (2002) Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. The Urban Institute Press.
- ^ Puentes, R. (2008). A Bridge to Somewhere: Rethinking American Transportation for the 21st Century. Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Report: Blueprint for American Prosperity series report.
- ^ Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (1 July 2013). "Transportation Infrastructure and Country Attractiveness". Revue Analyse Financière. Paris. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d "ANNEX to Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 concerning the opening of the market for domestic passenger transport services by rail" (PDF) (COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT: IMPACT ASSESSMENT). Brussels: European Commission. 2013. pp. 6, 44, 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-03.
Includes both "Railway subsidies" and "Public Service Obligations".
- ^ "EU Technical Report 2007".
- ^ "Railway Statistics – 2014 Synopsis" (PDF). Paris, France: UIC (International Union of Railways). 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
- ^ "German Railway Financing" (PDF). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-10.
- ^ "Efficiency indicators of Railways in France" (PDF).
- ^ "Public Expenditure on Railways in Europe: a cross-country comparison" (PDF). p. 10.
- ^ "Facts and arguments in favour of Swiss public transport". p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
6.3 billion Swiss francs
- ^ "Spanish railways battle profit loss with more investment". 17 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- ^ "GB rail industry financial information 2015-16" (PDF). 21 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
£6.7 billion, consisting of £4.3billion to network rail, and £2.4billion to train operating companies (TOC) using average of £1=1.366 euros for 2015-16
- ^ "Implementation of EU legislation on rail liberalisation in Belgium, France, Germany and The Netherlands" (PDF).
- ^ "ProRail report 2015" (PDF). p. 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
- ^ "The evolution of public funding to the rail sector in 5 European countries - a comparison" (PDF). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
- ^ "China to Invest $128 Billion in Rail, Push for Global Share". Bloomberg News. 5 March 2015.
- ^ Kumar, Saurabh (22 May 2019). "Indian Railways stays afloat in FY19, helped by advance freight charges". The Financial Express. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ "Govt defends fare hike, says rail subsidy burden was too heavy". The Times of India. 22 June 2014.
- ^ "Demand for Grants 2022-23 Analysis : Railways".
- ^ "Government support for Russian Railways".
- ^ "Level playing field: EU efforts to break into Japan's rail industry". 3 November 2014.