Postpartum care

Many traditional forms of postpartum confinement exist throughout the world. Chinese Zuo Yuezi (sitting the month) and European Lying-in are examples.^{[citation needed]}

Sanhujori is Korea's version of postpartum care. It draws on principles that emphasize activities and foods that keep the body warm, rest and relaxation to maximize the body's return to its normal state, maintaining cleanliness, eating nutritious foods, and peace of mind and heart.^[1] The confinement period is known as samchil-il (three seven days).^[2]

Traditionally, women were taken care of by their elders: their mother, mother-in-law, sister, or aunt. The lying-in hospitals provided an institutional variation which gave women weeks of bedrest and a respite from household chores. Increasingly, these older women are unavailable or unwilling to take on this role; given the lingering effects of the one-child policy, many older Chinese women had limited experience of newborn babies, having only had one themselves. Replacements for this familial help are commercial services, both in the home and at residential centres.^{[citation needed]}

Agencies provide specialist carers that come to the new parents' home. This job used to be known as the monthly nurse, as she came and lived with the family for a month. Now more common terms are maternity nurse, newborn care specialist, or confinement nanny; the worker is not a registered health care professional such as the word "nurse" usually implies in current English. In Indian English the role is called a "japa maid".^{[citation needed]}

A doula is best known as a birth companion, but some provide practical and emotional post-birth support. A lactation consultant and a health visitor are trained health professionals who may assist the new mother at this time. In the Netherlands, the in-home support is known as kraamzorg, and standard within the national health insurance system.^{[citation needed]}

The use of yue sao, a specialist carer translated in Canada as "postpartum doula",^[3] is also very common in China. Yue sao typically are live-in domestic helpers who care for both the new mother and baby for the first month after birth. Salaries as at 2017 vary from RMB8000 to RMB20000 per month depending on city and experience.^[4] They are described as "mothering the mother".^[5] Australian documentary-maker Aela Callan called them "Chinese supermums" but says they are colloquially known as "confinement ladies".^[6]

Postpartum care kits are all-in-one packages that contain several postpartum care essentials that a new mom requires right after delivery. These kits may include items like Maternity Pads, Postpartum Underwear, Peri Bottle & more depending on the brand. Postpartum Kits have become quite popular as a part of hospital bags that expecting parents prepare a few weeks before their due date. One of the major advantages of these kits is that it brings all the essentials items at one place, which makes it a very convenient option. Another benefit is that it makes new moms and expecting mothers feel more confident as they step into motherhood. Some of the popular Postpartum Kits available are as follows:

1. Frida Mom: Chelsea Hirschhorn, the Founder & CEO of Frida (parent company) and a mom of four, launched a range of postpartum essentials dedicated to supporting women through their postpartum journey. The idea came from her personal experience and the lack of support she experienced. Consequently, she decided to overhaul the type of products that were available to women and bring forth a range of Postpartum Essentials.
2. Bodily: Since its launch in November 2019, Bodily has established itself as a resource for women's health and bodies with products ranging from Pregnancy to Postpartum. Tova Haim, the Founder & CEO of Bodily launched the company as a response to the lack of information, cultural taboo and the lack of quality products relating to women's health. The inspiration came from her own experience after the birth of her first child. Since the initial launch, the company has also expanded as a resource for breastfeeding and pregnancy loss.
3. Juno Mom: Juno Mom is India's 1st Postpartum Care Brand launched in 2024 by Founder & CEO, Akriti Gupta. The idea struck during her pregnancy as she sought to prepare for the journey ahead. She became fascinated by the forgotten wisdom of Postpartum Care in India & other Asian Countries. The struggle to find the right products for herself made it clear that there was a large gap that needed to be addressed. There wasn't only a lack of quality products but also a lack of information about Postpartum Care among the general consumers. Hence, the company was launched with its first product - Juno Mom's Postpartum Kit, front and center. The aim is to democratize postpartum care for all women in India and make the journey smoother.

There are several other companies like Healofy, Mama & Wish & more offering a range of postpartum essentials varying from skincare and nutrition to physical recovery products

Companies have sprung up to offer extended postpartum care outside the home, sometimes in a hotel-like environment. Luxury options are a business.^[7] Private postpartum care centres were introduced to Korea in 1996 under the name of sanhujoriwon.^[8] Within the Chinese tradition, specialist businesses such as Red Wall Confinement Centre charge up to $27,000 for one month.^[9] In Taiwan, postpartum nursing centres are popular, for those who can afford them.^[10]

Birth tourism centres operating under the radar in the United States for Chinese women offer "sitting the month".^[11]

Modern postpartum care in Western countries is typically delivered through family, peers, professional consultants, coordinated care teams, or via information and communication technology.^{[citation needed]}

Outcomes during the postpartum period that have received the most research attention include breastfeeding, greater attendance at postpartum visits, readmissions and emergency room visits, anxiety and depression, oral glucose tolerance testing, hemoglobin A1c testing and contraceptive use.^[12]

Based on the 2023 meta-analysis conducted by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, in the United States more comprehensive health insurance is likely associated with greater attendance at postpartum visits and may be associated with fewer preventable readmissions and emergency room visits.^[12]

Evidence suggests that postpartum visits from home/by telephone vs. at the clinic are associated with similar levels of depression or anxiety symptoms up to 1-year post pregnancy.^{[citation needed]}

There is also no reliable evidence that integration of care across multiple types of providers has an impact on depression symptoms or substance use up to 1 year post pregnancy.^{[citation needed]}

Breastfeeding support is one of the most common forms of postpartum care in both the US and Canada. Research evaluating its effectiveness has shown that peers as well as professional lactation consultants can be effective in promoting breastfeeding during the postpartum period.^[12] Compared with no peer support, having peer support for breastfeeding has been found to be associated with higher rates of any breastfeeding at 1 month and 3 to 6 months and of exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month. Based on a meta-analysis of randomized control trials and nonrandomized comparison studies, peer support is not related to breastfeeding outcomes past 6 months post pregnancy.^[12] Compared with no lactation consultant, breastfeeding care provided by a lactation consultant is associated with higher rates of any breastfeeding at 6 months but not at 1 month or 3 months post pregnancy. The use of information or communication technology for the delivery of breastfeeding care is not associated with higher breastfeeding rates in the months following pregnancy.^[12]

Provision of reminders for testing has been found to be associated with greater adherence to oral glucose tolerance testing up to 1 year postpartum but not random glucose testing or hemoglobin A1c testing.^[12]

Research Limitations

Research on postpartum care is almost exclusively based on healthy postpartum individuals. Little is known about the impact of postpartum care on those individuals at high risk of postpartum complications due to chronic conditions,^[13] pregnancy-related conditions^[14] or systemic bias in health care provision.^[15]

• Parental leave
• Postpartum confinement
• Postpartum physiological changes
• Puerperal disorder