Pietro Koch

The son of an Imperial German Navy officer, Koch was born in Benevento.^[1] Koch served as a lieutenant in the Grenadiers where he was unpopular with his fellow soldiers and was dismissed from the Royal Italian Army in 1939 for insulting a superior officer.^[1] Recalled on the eve of the war, he saw continuous service until the armistice of September 1943, after which he moved to Florence.^[1]

Settling in the Social Republic in the north of Italy, Koch joined the Special Service of Republican Police led by Tullio Tamburini.^[1] In January 1944, he established the Banda Koch as a special task force charged with hunting down partisans and rounding up deportees, including Jews, for the Germans.^[1] Koch came under the protection of SS-Obersturmbannführer Herbert Kappler, SD chief in Koch's base of Rome, and as such had a free hand to employ whatever tactics he saw fit with Banda Koch, which soon became a by-word for cruelty and violence.^[1] Koch was given his own prisons and torture chambers and continued his activity in Florence and then Milan following the fall of Rome to the Allies.^[1] Along with police chief Pietro Caruso, who was independently involved in the killing of partisans, Koch was behind hundreds of deaths; the Social Republic government even ordered an amnesty for political prisoners not charged with murder out of fear that Koch would have them killed.^[2]

Disliked even by Benito Mussolini for his violent extremism, Il Duce eventually had his close ally Renzo Montagna arrest Koch for his excesses in October 1944.^[1] He soon fell into Allied hands, was tried by an Italian tribunal and was convicted of six charges only under Italian law at the High Court since the laws of war at the time had no provisions dealing with non-international armed conflict (NIAC).^[1] He was executed at Rome's Forte Bravetta aged 26.^[1][3]