Orchitis

Orchitis is inflammation of the testicles.^[1] It can also involve swelling, pains and frequent infection, particularly of the epididymis, as in epididymitis. The term is from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις meaning "testicle"; same root as orchid.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of orchitis are similar to those of testicular torsion. These can include:^{[citation needed]}

hematospermia (blood in the semen)
hematuria (blood in the urine)
severe pain
visible swelling of a testicle or testicles and often the inguinal lymph nodes on the affected side.

Orchitis can be related to epididymitis infection that has spread to the testicles (then called "epididymo-orchitis"), sometimes caused by the sexually transmitted infections chlamydia and gonorrhea. It has also been reported in cases of males infected with brucellosis.^[2] Orchitis can also be seen during active mumps, particularly in adolescent boys.^{[citation needed]}

Ischemic orchitis may result from damage to the blood vessels of the spermatic cord during inguinal herniorrhaphy, and may in the worst event lead to testicular atrophy.^[3]

In most cases where orchitis is caused by epididymitis, treatment is an oral antibiotic such as cefalexin or ciprofloxacin until infection clears up. In both causes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen or ibuprofen are recommended to relieve pain. Sometimes stronger pain medications in the opiate category are called for and are frequently prescribed by experienced emergency department physicians.^{[citation needed]}

Orchitis is not rare in bulls and rams.^{[citation needed]} It has also been described in roosters.^[4]

^ "orchitis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Brucellosis in Humans and Animals World Health Organization Publication number WHO/CDS/EPR/2006.7 [1]^{[page needed]}
^ Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al. (August 2009). "European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients". Hernia. 13 (4): 343–403. doi:10.1007/s10029-009-0529-7. PMC 2719730. PMID 19636493.
^ Monleon R, Martin MP, John Barnes H (December 2008). "Bacterial orchitis and epididymo-orchitis in broiler breeders". Avian Pathology. 37 (6): 613–7. doi:10.1080/03079450802499134. PMID 19023758. S2CID 41011955.