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Operation Dawn 2 or Operation Valfajr-2 (Persian: عملیات والفجر 2) was an Iranian operation during the eight-year-long Iran–Iraq War. This operation opened a new front in northern Iraq/Iraqi Kurdistan also known as "the Northern Front". Despite Turkish help, this region was Iraq's weak point during the war as the Kurds sided with Iran.[4]
| Operation Dawn 2 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Iran–Iraq War – the Northern Front | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Iraq |
 Iran Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Hujjat-ul-Islam Mostafa Raddanipoor † (commander of 14th Imam Hossein Division) Mahmoud Kaveh (commander of 155th Shohada Special Brigade) Massoud Barzani See #Order of battle for more | |||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| See #Order of battle | See #Order of battle | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
24 infantry battalions 4 commando and special forces battalions 4 border guard battalions[2] |
Pasdaran: 16 infantry battalions Army: 6 infantry battalions 1 mechanized battalion 1,500 militiamen[3] KDP: 800 Peshmerga[1] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Several thousand killed[1] | |||||||||
Prelude
editIn the year leading up to the operation, fighting between Iraqi and Iranian forces drew to a stalemate on the southern front. Iranian forces repeatedly used human wave attacks in the southern marshlands and deserts, only to be repulsed by forces of the Iraqi Third Corps. However, the Iranian government managed to win favor of the Kurdish people in parts of northern Iraq, thus allowing the opportunity to take the war north.
The main objective of the mission was the frontier town of Haj Omran, which was nestled on the border and surrounded by mountainous terrain. Rebels of the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq would prove a great asset to the advancing Iranians, given their knowledge of the terrain and the people.
The battle
editOn July 22, Iranian forces advanced from Piranshahr and were highly successful against the Iraqis, effectively seizing Haj Omran in the process. The Iranians and Kurdish guerrillas made use of elevated ridges to launch ambushes on Iraqi positions and convoys. In all, they seized roughly 150 square miles (390 km2) of Iraqi territory.
Iraq responded with counteroffensive, launching an airborne assault and employing the use of poison gas for the first time in the entire war. The Iraqis hit Iranian troops on mountain tops near Haj Omran with mustard gas while their troops advanced in the slopes. The Iraqis were unfamiliar with the properties of poison gas and the agent descended back down to the exposed Iraqi troops.[4] At the same time, the rugged terrain held up Iraqi tanks. The use of helicopter gunships was also hampered, since the Iranian and Kurdish fighters had better cover.
These were the deciding factors that contributed to Iraq's loss of the battle.
Order of battle
editMalik Ashtar Command
- Islamic Republic of Iran Army
- Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces
- 77th "Pirooz" Infantry Division of Khorasan
- 2nd Infantry Brigade of Quchan
- 3 infantry battalions
- 2nd Infantry Brigade of Quchan
- 92nd Armored Division of Khuzestan
- 1 mechanized battalion
- 64th Infantry Division of Urmia
- 1st Brigade
- 1 infantry battalion
- 1st Brigade
- 77th "Pirooz" Infantry Division of Khorasan
- Islamic Republic of Iran Army Aviation
- Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces
- Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
- 14th Imam Hossein Division
Commanded by Hujjat-ul-Islam Mostafa Raddanipoor- 2 infantry battalions
- 33rd Al-Mahdi Brigade
Commanded by Mohammad Jaafar Asadi- Fajr Battalion
Commanded by Morteza Javidi[5] - 9 other unnamed infantry battalions
- Fajr Battalion
- 155th Shohada Special Brigade
Commanded by Mahmoud Kaveh- 2 infantry battalions
- 8th Najaf Ashraf Division
Commanded by Ahmad Kazemi[6]- 2 infantry battalions
- 14th Imam Hossein Division
- Artillery unit
- 11 artillery batteries
- Jihad of Construction
- Basij
- Gendarmerie
- Local tribal fighters
Source: [7]
- Peshmerga
- 1,000 militia fighters
- 91st Infantry Brigade
- 98th Infantry Brigade
- 66th Infantry Brigade
- 1 tank battalion
- 31st Special Forces Brigade
- 2nd Battalion
- Tariq Commando Battalion
- Ta'im Commando Battalion
References
edit- ^ a b c Razoux, Pierre (2015). The Iran-Iraq War. Harvard University Press, 2015. p. 249-250. ISBN 978-0674915718.
- ^ "والفجر 2 | دفاعمقدس". Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
- ^ "گزارش رسمی عملیات والفجر 2 | دفاعمقدس". Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
- ^ a b The First Gulf War (Iran and Iraq at War in the 1980s)
- ^ http://www.mobarezclip.com/?p=7014
- ^ http://www.8najaf.com/?p=9114[permanent dead link]
- ^ "29 تیر؛ سالروز عملیات والفجر2 | دفاعمقدس". defamoghaddas.ir. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16.
- The Longest War, by Dilip Hiro, Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, Inc., NY, 1991.
- The Iran-Iraq War: Chaos in a Vacuum, by Stephen Pelletiere, Praeger Publishers, New York, NY, 1992.
- http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/1430