Ossubtus is a genus of fish in the family Serrasalmidae.[2][3][4] It contains a single species, Ossubtus xinguense,[2][3] the parrot pacu[5] or eaglebeak pacu,[6] The species is endemic to rapids in the Xingu River basin in the Brazilian Amazon.[1][7] This vulnerable species is primarily a herbivore.[7]
| Ossubtus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Family: | Serrasalmidae |
| Genus: | Ossubtus Jégu, 1992 |
| Species: | O. xinguense
|
| Binomial name | |
| Ossubtus xinguense Jégu, 1992
| |
Description
editThe body of Ossubtus xinguense is ovoid in shape. The profile of the snout is blunt. In young fish, the mouth is terminal (pointing forward); however, as the fish grows, the mouth turns downward and becomes strictly ventral in individuals longer than 5 cm (2 in).[8] This gives the mouth a beak-like appearance.[8] It reaches up to 25 cm (10 in) in total length and about 380 g (13 oz) in weight.[3]
Range and habitat
editOssubtus xinguense is restricted to rapids in the Xingu River basin in the Brazilian Amazon. It has been confirmed from Volta Grande do Xingu in the lower Xingu River and lower Iriri River near its confluence with Xingu, but possibly also occurs further upstream on these rivers (perhaps as far as São Félix do Xingu).[7]
This species is strictly rheophilic and found in rapids, but prefers sheltered, Podostemaceae-covered rocky crevices.[7] Young individuals of up to 4 cm (1.6 in) can be observed in schools of 20–30 individuals, sheltered under broad stones.[8]
Behavior
editThe species is primarily a herbivore and a diet analysis of 10 specimens revealed mostly plant material, but also lower quantities of macroinvertebrates.[7]
Shrimp, dead or alive, blood worm, vegetable matter, brine shrimp and daphnia are consumed in captivity.[citation needed] The female is far more dominant than the male and will often seek caves into which no other fish may enter. This is believed to be due to reproductive dominance, once a suitable breeding location is found, the female will not surrender it.[citation needed]
Parasites
editIt is parasitized by Anphiira xinguensis, an isopode of the family Cymothoidae. This parasite is only known from Ossubtus xinguense where it lives in the gill chamber of the fish and develops a contorted morphology, presumably in response to its host's cursive ontogeny.[9] The intestines are also commonly infested with Rondonia rondoni, a nematode that possibly is symbiotic rather than parasitic.[7] Black spot disease is found in most Ossubtus xinguense.[7]
Status
editThis fish is "vulnerable".[1] A review in 2016 suggested that it is more widespread than previously believed and its historic rarity as museum specimens in part can be explained by its habitat (rapids), which are difficult to sample, but it remains threatened by dams such as the Belo Monte.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio). (2021). "Ossubtus xinguense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T140552163A140552167. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Ossubtus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Ossubtus". FishBase. August 2022 version.
- ^ "Ossubtus xinguense Jégu, 1992". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ^ "Introduction". piranha-info. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
- ^ Hyland, T. & M.H. Sabaj Perez. "Race against time". Excel Magazine. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Andrade, Marcelo C.; Sousa, Leandro M.; Ota, Rafaela P.; Jégu, Michel & Giarrizzo, Tommaso (2016). "Redescription and geographical distribution of the endangered fish Ossubtus xinguense Jégu 1992 (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae) with comments on conservation of the rheophilic fauna of the Xingu River". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161398. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161398A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161398. PMC 5035070. PMID 27662358.
- ^ a b c Jégu, Michel & Zuanon, Jansen (2005). "Threatened fishes of the world: Ossubtus xinguense (Jégu 1992) (Characidae: Serrasalminae)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 73 (4): 414. Bibcode:2005EnvBF..73..414J. doi:10.1007/s10641-004-4230-5. S2CID 23750097.
- ^ Thatcher, Vernon E. (1995). "Anphiira xinguensis sp. nov. (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) a gill chamber parasite of an Amazonian serrasalmid fish, Ossubtus xinguense Jegu, 1992" (PDF). Amazoniana. 13 (3/4): 293–304.