Nnewi

In Nnewi oral history and mythology, the rabbit ('ewi') played a great role in saving the founders of Nnewi during wars.^[12] Throughout its history, Nnewi has used its military might to maintain its borders and because of this, the killing or eating of ewi in Nnewi is forbidden to the present day.^[13] Nnewi existed as an independent kingdom from the 15th century to 1904, when British colonial administration occupied the kingdom.^[14]

Nnewi kingdom was founded on four quarters (large villages), namely Otolo, Uruagu, Umudim, and Nnewichi. Villages are made up of communities which in turn are Each divided into family units called 'umunna'. Each umunna had a first family known as the 'obi'.^[15]

The origins of the four villages had been a source of controversy as no one could really tell the original history of Nnewi and the development of the villages. History was not written down in this part of the world then. According to Dr. Okonkwo Alutu in Nnewi History, the most probable progenitor of the Nnewi people was a man called Mmaku. He migrated from Ndoni and had a son whom he named Ikéngà. Ikéngà had four sons; Nnewi, Isu, Ifite and Ichi. Nnewi went on to father six sons namely Digbo, Uru, Eze, Eke, Ekweludikonwu and Nnagha. Digbo begat Otolo, progenitor of the only village named after a descendant of Nnewi. The other three villages were founded by the other sons of Nnewi and migrants.

Originally when the Igbos settled in the present day Eastern Nigeria, they arrived with three leaders, two were spiritual leaders and the youngest of the three a hereditary King known as Obi a King by birthright.^[16] The first was the Eze Nri of Awka a Priest King, the second the Eze Aro of Arochukwu a King and the third the Obi of Nnewi a political and war ruler.^[16] The Onitsha people are visitors and later settlers in Igbo land.^[17] The Aros know this history (Nnewi being a relation and a leader among the Igbos) and this is part of the reason why there are no Aro settlements in Nnewi.^[18] The Obi of Nnewi Obi Okoli in1780s lost his throne when inside palace politics that hinged on tradition edged him out.^[16] Traditional royal law had it that the Crown Prince must perform the funeral rights of the late Obi before he can be crowned, Obi Okoli was absent and arrived home only after the late Obi Okoli 1st was buried ^{[citation needed]}. His Uncle (The late Obi Okoli the 1st younger brother) performed the funeral rights in his stead and took over as Igwe Nnewi he could not be enthroned as an Obi (which means the first son) ^{[citation needed]}. The Obi Okoli royal lineage was forced into exile, they got refuge at Umune-Alam in Umudim, Nnewi where they still are to this day. The Obi Okoli family still bears the Ofor Nnewi till this day ^{[citation needed]}.

Edo is the supreme deity of all the Alusi (Igbo: deity) in the Anaedo country ^{[citation needed]}. The central shrine of this unifying Alusi is at Nkwo Nnewi, the central Market ^{[citation needed]}. There are four other deities in Nnewi: Ana, Ezemewi, Eze and Ele ^{[citation needed]}. Christianity was introduced by the Europeans in 1885 and many Nnewi people now practice Christianity ^{[citation needed]}.

Nnewi, Ichi and Oraifite made up the Anaedo state ^{[citation needed]}. Anaedo communities have common ancestries, beliefs and traditional value systems ^{[citation needed]}. Nnewi is a major trading and manufacturing center in Nigeria ^{[citation needed]}. Due to its high commercial activities, the city has attracted millions of migrants from other states and countries ^{[citation needed]}.

The Ofala Nnewi is a cultural festival held every year to celebrate the coronation of the Igwe of Nnewi ^{[citation needed]}. Afiaolu (New yam festival) and Ikwuaru are also among traditional festivals held annually in Nnewi. Nnewi Kingdom is also known as Anaedo meaning the Land of Gold (The supreme deity and goddess of Nnewi) ^{[citation needed]}.

Geographically, Nnewi falls within the tropical rain forest region of Nigeria ^{[citation needed]}. Though it suffers from soil leaching and erosion which has reduced the soil in some areas to a porous sandy terrain, it remains an area of rich agricultural produce and the epicenter of business trade ^{[citation needed]}. The city is located east of the Niger River, and about 22 kilometers south east of Onitsha in Anambra State, Nigeria.^[19]

The traditional monarch of Nnewi is called the Igwe. The Igweship in Nnewi kingdom predates the arrival of Europeans, making it a unique monarchy in Igbo land ^{[citation needed]}. The Igbos are known for not having kings, hence the popular Igbo saying 'Igbo é nwě Eze', meaning 'the Igbos have no king'. In other Igbo clans, the British colonial administrators created warrant chiefs who then assumed the office and title of Igwe and are elected to this day. In Nnewi, the Igwe is the isi obi (head of the Obis) and hence the Igwe, which literally translates as the heavenly one or highness as he is the holder of the Ofo, the religious and political symbol. He is born and not made or elected, and the institution of inheritance is the traditional right and privilege. The position is neither transferable nor negotiable. He is also an Obi. Obi is the title held by ruling chiefs; it is the equivalent of a duke in the nobility.^[20]

 

The present reigning monarch is His Royal Highness Igwe Kenneth Onyeneke Orizu III; he is the longest serving monarch in Nigeria^[21] and he is currently the 20th monarch in the Nnofo Royal lineage. Igwe Kenneth Orizu III is the first class chief in Anambra state from Nnewi as well as the vice Chairman of the Anambra State House of Chiefs ^{[citation needed]}.

 

There are Obis in the four clans that make up Nnewi. The highest and the most senior obi is the Obi of Otolo, who is also the Igwe of Nnewi ^{[citation needed]}. Chief Afamefuna Obi, Obi Bennett Okafor and Obi George Onyekaba are the current obis of Uruagu, Umudim, and Nnewichi, respectively ^{[citation needed]}. These three obis with Igwe Orizu, III as chairman constitute the Igwe-in-Council and they deliberate on the spiritual, traditional, and communal matters, in Nnewi ^{[citation needed]}.

There is also an active town union called the Nzuko-Ora Nnewi. It is a forum through which adult Nnewi indigenes (18 years or older) can contribute to the development of Nnewi. This union was set up to encourage and promote the establishment of structures and facilities that will promote and improve the quality of life of the residents of Nnewi ^{[citation needed]}.

The ancient legal system of Nnewi was not based upon a written law. It was purely a natural law, involving custom, tradition, and civil and criminal cases ^{[citation needed]}. The legal process in Nnewi passed through the labyrinth of extended family system. A report against an offender or a criminal in the first instance, had to be made to the head of his family at his ancestral home known as obi ^{[citation needed]}. The head of the family would invite elders and minor obis from his extended family unit to sit in judgment, while the complainant would also invite the elders and minor obis from his extended family side, if both of them were not from the same family ^{[citation needed]}. These obis' would serve as the court of the first instance, depending on the nature of the offense or crime allegedly committed ^{[citation needed]}. The trial might end here, if both the complainant and the accused were satisfied with the judgment given, or they might take the case to the next senior obi of the same extended' family, in ascending order, until, probably, the matter got to the highest obi in the lineage ^{[citation needed]}. If the complainant was not satisfied at this point, he would appeal to the obi of the quarter and the leaders of his family could be summoned to defend their judgment.^[22]

Through this legal procedure, guilt or innocence could easily be established, as the decision was based purely on natural justice ^{[citation needed]}. Punishments for offenses and criminal acts were given in relation to their gravity ^{[citation needed]}. A man who was found guilty of a serious crime might have no option than to be sold into slavery or expelled from the community for life ^{[citation needed]}. He would not be killed because the killing of human beings was against the injunction of Edo Goddess ^{[citation needed]}. The judicial system in Nnewi seems to have recognized three classes of cases, the minor offenses, the true criminal case, and the civil suits of debt, bride price and land ^{[citation needed]}. The breaking of by-laws was really an offence against some particular juju and as such was to be expiated by a sacrifice ^{[citation needed]}. For example, it is forbidden to kill "eke" snake, a type of python, or to eat "ewi," rodent of rabbit family. It is probable these laws were never broken willingly and if broken by accident, the offender would automatically perform a sacrifice without any form of judicial trial being held ^{[citation needed]}. The criminal code, with regard to serious crimes, appears to have been more developed in Nnewi than elsewhere in Igboland. There were seven main classes of offences, which were known as "ori-obi," offenses against the obi, as their investigation was always carried out in the obi of the quarter ^{[citation needed]}.

Nnewi has contributed its fair share of key players in Nigerian politics. A. A. Nwafor Orizu; president of the Nigerian Senate in the First Republic and later, the Acting President before the first coup d'état of 1966, M.C.K. Ajuluchukwu; a nationalist, anti-colonialist and first republic law-maker, Chief Z.C. Obi (Onunekwuluigbo Igbo); First republic politician, Sir Louis Odumegwu Ojukwu, OBE, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu (Ikemba Nnewi); former military Governor of defunct Eastern Nigeria and President of defunct Republic of Biafra, Comrade Dr. Edward Ikem Okeke; Deputy President of the PRP and Special Adviser to the President (Second Republic), Mr. F. C. Nwokedi; the first Nigerian Permanent Secretary, Dr. Dozie Ikedife (Ikenga Nnewi); former President-General of Ohanaeze Ndigbo, Professor A. B. C. Nwosu; Former Health Commissioner in East Central state and Anambra state, respectively, Dr. Chu Okongwu; Former Minister of Finance; Dr David Bennet Anagwu Ofomata;The first Indigenous Medical Director, Nigerian Railway Corporation, First CEO/Chairman Anambra Health Management Board & Chairman old Nnewi LGA;^[20]

Nnewi is also the ancestral home of prominent Nigerians including the esteemed individuals listed below. See (People).

Nnewi's journey to becoming an economic hub started in 1970, After the Nigerian Civil War ^{[citation needed]}.

Ndị Nnewi(Nnewi People) living in different cities across the country suffered great losses during the war, so they decided to take back all their investments and businesses home ^{[citation needed]}.

Agbo Edo, a forest land which belonged to Edo Nnewi deity, was cleared to make way for a new market called Nkwo Nnewi market ^{[citation needed]}. The development of this market propelled the fast development of the local economy ^{[citation needed]}.

As a fast developing city and a major industrial and commercial hub in Africa, Nnewi experiences voluminous financial activities, therefore hosts major banks, and other financial institutions ^{[citation needed]}. Industries are dotted around the city and adjoining towns. Palm oil, cosmetics, motor, and motorcycle spare parts, books, and stationery, textiles, electric cables, and so on are produced in commercial quantity in the area. Its main trading centers include Nkwo Nnewi markets which are New motorcycle spare parts market (the largest spare parts market in Africa), Agbọ-Edo motor spare parts market, Nwagbala market, Generator parts market, Electrical parts market, Nkwọ Nnewi general market (Ime Afia), Nnewi Timber dealers market (Ọgbọ osisi), Nwafor market, Eke Amaobi market, Eke Ochie, Eke Ichi Market, Orie otube Market, Okpunoegbu market etc ^{[citation needed]}.

The main occupation of Nnewi people is trading, production and farming, therefore they depend mainly on commerce, entrepreneurship and agriculture for their daily livelihood ^{[citation needed]}. Most Ndị Nnewi (Nnewi people) have mbụbọ (home gardens) and ubi (out-station gardens) where they usually cultivate their farm products ^{[citation needed]}. These crops when they are harvested are usually taken to the market for sale ^{[citation needed]}. Most of the prime cash crops include oil palm, raffia palm, groundnut, melon, cotton, cocoa, rubber, maize, et cetera. Food crops such as yam, cassava, cocoyam, breadfruit, and three-leaf yam are also produced in large quantities. The location of Nnewi within the tropical rainforest gives it the ecological basis for production of a wide range of tropical agriculture crops with widespread potential for industrial convention ^{[citation needed]}.

Nnewi is home to many major indigenous manufacturing industries including Ibeto Group of Companies, Cutix and ADswitch, Uru Industries Ltd, Omata Holdings Ltd, Cento Group of Companies, Coscharis of Companies Group, Innoson Group of Companies, Ebunso Nig. Ltd, John White Industries, Ejiamatu Group of Companies, Chicason Group, Louis Carter Group ^{[citation needed]}. The great majority of industrialists in the cluster of spare parts factories in Nnewi are also traders, and most of these traders are producing one or more of the products they specialize in marketing as traders (usually motor vehicle parts), and most began by distributing their products through their preexisting distribution networks ^{[citation needed]}. Nnewi is part of Eastern Nigeria's industrial axis. The town has through culturally grounded institutions that act as sophisticated networks expanded to include an international dimension through trading relations with exporters from Asia ^{[citation needed]}. Over the last decade, the town of Nnewi has experienced relatively rapid industrialization ^{[citation needed]}. In excess of 20 medium-to-large-scale industries have been established across a variety of sectors. Since 1970, Nnewi residents have controlled approximately 80 to 90 percent of the motor-parts trade in Nigeria ^{[citation needed]}. Nkwo Nnewi Market is the major import and wholesale point for motor spare parts in Nigeria ^{[citation needed]}. The industrialists of Nnewi are adapting foreign technology to local needs, providing employment to thousands, and making available goods and services which are relevant actual needs of the Nigerian citizens ^{[citation needed]}. The first indigenous car manufacturing plant is located in the city, while the first wholly Made-in-Nigeria motorcycle was manufactured in Nnewi by the National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure (NASENI) ^{[citation needed]}.

Nnewi is known for the vibrant auto industry in the city, the first Igbo man to own and drive a car was Sir Louis Ojukuwu, the father of Dim Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukuwu in 1912.^[23] By 1940, Nnewi residents were at the center of an international trading network that dominated the supply of motor spare parts in Nigeria.^[23] The town subsequently became a center for commerce and industry, and has one of the largest automotive parts markets in Africa.^[23] Nnewi Township is an authentic "manufacturing miracle." Small and medium-sized industries have set up in the town and are producing not only for the Nigeria markets but albeit still to a limited extent for markets abroad.^[23]

Industrialization of the town began around 1970 when Nnewi motor parts traders began marketing their own brand name products instead of the reproductions of "original" parts.^[23] There are several auto and motorcycle spare parts dealers in Nnewi; the Nnewi Motorcycle spare parts market is well known throughout West Africa.^[23] There is also an auto plant, the first of its kind in Nigeria, owned by an Nnewi businessman, Innocent Chukwuma, Ono and a Chinese auto Company.^[23]

As Nnewi is the automobile hub of Africa, the city has so many markets where automobiles are sold both in wholesale and retail. There are also other markets where general goods, food stuff, body care products, building materials etc are sold ^{[citation needed]}.^[24]

Below is a list of some of the markets in Nnewi:

1.New motorcycle spare parts. This market is said to be the third largest automobile market in the world by volume of goods. Brand new motorcycle parts of different brands are sold in this market.^[25]

2.Agbo-Edo motor spare parts market. In this market, different makes of brand new motor spare parts are sold.^[26]

3.Nwagbara Market. This is a market where you buy all sorts of fairly used motorcycle spare parts. Complete motorcycle both brand new and fairly used are also sold in this market

4.Generator Parts Market. This is a small market where you buy different types of power generators and their parts

5.Nkwo Nnewi general market(Ime Afia). This is the biggest market in Nnewi by landmass. In this market, you can get virtually everything starting from clothing materials, shoes, pharmaceutical products, food stuffs, provisions, cosmetics etc

6.Electrical/Electronics parts Market. This is a market where you buy different types of electronics and electrical products, both in wholesale and in retail.

7.Building materials Market. This market spans across a street known as Muodile street. It is where different types of building materials are sold in wholesale and retail

8.Timber dealers Market. This is a market where wood and timbers are being processed and sold.^[27]

Even as Nnewi has so many traditional open air markets, modern shopping culture is not missing out.^[28]

Some modern shopping complexes in Nnewi are;

-Roban Stores

-G-MART Stores Etc

^[29]

Nnewi, as a historical city, has many cultural events and places adorned with festivities and cultural monuments, including Edo Na Ezemewi shrine, Udoogwugwu shrine (Ichi), Kamanu shrine (Ichi), and many other shrines dotted across all sections of Nnewi city.^[23] Nnewi hosts many festivals, notably amongst them is the New yam (Afiolu, also known as Ifejioku festival) which all parts of the city participates and masquerades from all federating towns participates in.^[30] The festival attracts all sorts of activities and celebrations which Nnewi residents hold in the highest esteem.

In the average home of any Nnewi citizen, they usually keep kola nuts, garden egg and peanut butter in their refrigerator in case any stranger or visitor should visit their home.^[23] Every visitation to their home begins with the offering of the kola nuts to the visitor, the kola nut is indicating that the visitor is very much welcomed.^[31] The ritual of the offering of kola nut is inspired with the giving in prayers and blessing or lobby to the supreme God and other deities, for the protection of the visitor and the host.^[23] It seems to be a custom to the people of Nnewi in any of their traditional ceremonies.^[23]

Local artists thrive in this municipal rural communities. Works of art produced in the area comprises, carved doors, walking sticks of different designs, sculptures, flutes, wooden mortars and pestles, gongs, and the famous talking drums. Metal works and various types of productions are locally fashioned ^{[citation needed]}.

The Nnewi people, just like every other Igbo group, have a musical style into which they incorporate various percussion instruments: the udu, which is essentially designed from a clay jug; an ekwe, which is formed from a hollowed log; and the ogene, a hand bell designed from forged iron. Other instruments include opi, a wind instrument similar to the flute, ịgbà, and ịchàkà ^{[citation needed]}.

Traditional marriage

 

There are three types of marriages in Nnewi as also practiced across the Nigerian society: the traditional marriage held in the house of the woman; the official wedding, held in a registry office and which allows only one wife; and the religious marriage ^{[citation needed]}.

The official marriage ceremony is called "Igbankwu", which is the Igbo word for the traditional marriage ceremony ^{[citation needed]}. Nnewi do not have an "engagement" ceremony. Rather, the Igbankwu is preceded by a series of events during which the potential bride's and groom's families engage each other to discuss the terms of the marriage. Perhaps this can be characterized as an engagement. Please note that Nigeria has 250 ethnic groups and each varies on marriage traditions. Further, within groups there can be even greater differentiation.

 

The traditional attire for the men is an overflowing jumper or a long-sleeved shirt worn over the gooji wrapper, which is tied around the waist, curving down to the ankles. This dress is matched with a cap and a walking stick, which aids as an instrument of support and defense. The traditional wear for the women is a blouse, worn over a loin cloth. This female attire goes with a head-tie ear rings and necklaces or traditional necklaces.^[32]

In Nnewi, the occasion of Iri-ji ọhụrụ (new-yam eating) is a cultural festival because of its significance. Nnewi people celebrate their new yam festival usually at the end of August during which assortment of festivities mark the eating of new yam. These festivities normally include a lot of variety entertainment including performance of ceremonial rites by the Igwe (King), cultural dances by Igbo men, women and their children as well as a display of Igbo cultural activities in the form of contemporary shows, masquerade dance, and feasting at a grand scale on a wide variety of food making up the menu of the Igbos.

The first day of the festival the Igwe of Nnewi will officiate the Harvest thanksgiving ceremony at his palace where the yams are offered to gods and ancestors first before distributing them to the villagers. After the prayer of thanksgiving to god, The Igwe eats the first yam because it is believed that his position gives him the privilege of being intermediaries between Nnewi communities and the gods of the land. The rituals involved in the new yam eating are meant to express the community's appreciation to the gods for making the harvest of their yams possible. This therefore explains the three aspect of Igbo worldview, that they are pragmatic, religious and appreciative. This ceremony has been celebrated for centuries and as has always presented the right conditions for all and sundry, family and friends to come together to demonstrate their commitment and solidarity to their local community. Due to this fact, the Igbos every where in the world do celebrate this event in a highly captivating manner in order to protect and celebrate the enriched cultural heritage of her people.

 

Religion occupies a central place in the heart of Nnewi people. This counts for the huge churches and religious practices in the city. The people of Nnewi are 96% Christian, with small fractions of other faiths: 2% traditionalist, 0.2% Jews, 0.3% Muslims and 1.5% others. Among the Christian community, the catholic and Anglican Communion shares a greater number of followers followed by other Pentecostal Christian groups. Christianity first came on the Southeastern part of Nigeria with the arrival of the Holy Ghost missionaries from Gabon to Onitsha under the leadership of Fr. Joseph Lutz late on Saturday December 5, 1885. Fr. Joseph Shanahan (The Apostle of Igboland) joined them in 1902 and when the mantle of leadership fell on him in 1905, history was set to record the evangelization of Roman Catholic Diocese of Nnewi. The stream of this evangelization was to flow through two main courses almost concurrently: one having Nnewi as its source and the other Ozubulu/Ihiala.

Though individuals from various communities have come in contact with the faith as they traveled to Onitsha and other places for trade and in quest of western education, the actual planting of the seed of the gospel in Nnewi Diocese from the Catholic perspective sprang from the treks of Fr. Victor Duhaze to Ozubulu through Oguta (1906) and to Nnewi through Umuoji, Ojoto Mili Agu down to Odida Nnewichi in 1906.

However, the Anglican Church was established in Nnewi from Obosi in 1893. But the seed of what is today Nnewi Diocese was sown in 1809. Requests were made by Odida. Community in Nnewichi inviting Fr. J. Shanahan. In the same year, some Ozubulu indigenes had registered the same requests for establishing a Church station at Ozubulu. Nnewi people are proud of there traditional Odinani as well as the new religion of Christianity. @(Note:The Church Missionary Society CMS under the leadership of Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther and Reverend Henry Townsend arrived Onitsha on July 27, 1857)

Nnewi hosts a number of institutions and places of learning and healing, which include Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) and a number of international agencies. The Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, is in the forefront of providing excellent health services to the nation. The hospital and its annexes since inception has provided specialized and comprehensive medical care to the immediate community and beyond. Its mandate also includes undergraduate and postgraduate medical and paramedical training as well as research. These services have grown from strength to strength through the years fueled by comprehensive annual plans approved by the Federal Government. There are also other several countless standard private hospitals across the city

The ancient city of Nnewi hosts a number of traditional and formal learning institutions and places of learning, which include a Medical University: Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Government secondary schools: Okongwu Memorial Grammar School, Maria Regina Secondary School, Nnewi High School, National Secondary School Nnewi, Ichi Technical School (Ichi Community), Ichi Girls, Akoboezemu Community Secondary School, Anglican Girls Secondary School, Nnewi-Ichi Community Secondary School etc. Private schools: Summit International School, The Good Shepherd School, New Era School, Dr. Alutu's College of Excellence School, christ the king, etc.

Crime rates are low^{[clarification needed]} but civil disputes such as land ownership and family inheritance exist. In more recent times, the market square and banks have experienced well publicized and organized criminal attacks that have been allegedly linked to the local police. There are now open debates on reinstating a local vigilante crime fighting group called the Bakkassi Boys,^[33] who had a multi-year stint in Nnewi in the late 1990s when crime was on the increase. This group had a modus operandi that many considered barbaric but necessary – convicted thieves were killed in public by dismembering their body parts with a sharp machete and burning them alive. The activities of this group of men which had permission of the Governor of the state was seen by the Human rights activists and civil right movement as a violation of human rights and campaigned against their practices. Recently, Nnewi is relatively peaceful except for isolated occurrences of kidnapping of prominent local citizens for large ransoms.

The primary means of transportation in Nnewi are motorcycles. Almost every household owns at least one motorcycle and the commercial motorcycles exist too. There are also shuttles and tricycles complementing the motorcycles as the means of transportation available across the city.

Nnewi is also well known as the home of several transport and logistics businesses since the end of the second world war.

• Gabros International F.C. is based in the city, Presently known as Ifeanyi Ubah FC (2016 Nigeria Federation Cup Champions)
• Also in 2017 football season Nnewi United football club was formed to participate in the Nigeria National league.
• Nnewi sports club (lawn tennis and badminton.)
• Beverly Hills Resort Recreational Club

The people of Nnewi also have a great sporting culture, especially in football. Local football leagues are typically organized in August during the Afiaolu festival (Afiaolu league) and in December during the Christmas period (December league). These leagues, often sponsored by wealth people of Nnewi, are organized by the four main quarters of Nnewi for the different communities within the quarters.