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Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh

The Namgyal dynasty was a dynasty whose rulers were the monarchs of the former kingdom of Ladakh that lasted from 1460 to 1842 and were titled the Gyalpo of Ladakh.[1] The Namgyal dynasty succeeded the first dynasty of Maryul and had several conflicts with the neighboring Mughal Empire and various dynasties of Tibet, including the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War. The dynasty eventually fell to the Sikh Empire and Dogras of Jammu. Most of its known history is written in the Ladakh Chronicles.

Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh
Gyalpo of Ladakh
1460 (1460)–1842 (1842)
Historical map of Ladakh at its largest extent
Historical map of Ladakh at its largest extent
CapitalLeh
Common languagesLadakhi, Tibetan
Religion
Tibetan Buddhism
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Established
1460 (1460)
• Disestablished
1842 (1842)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
First dynasty of Maryul
Sikh Empire
Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
Today part ofIndia (Ladakh)
China
Pakistan
Nepal

History

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Founding

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According to the Ladakh Chronicles, the Namgyal dynasty was founded by Bhagan, the son of Bhara in the kingdom of Maryul. Bhagan was described as warlike, and established the Namgyal dynasty in 1460 after he formed an alliance with the people of Leh and dethroned the Maryul king Lodrö Chokden (Blo-gros-mc'og-ldan) and his brothers Drünpa Aliand Lapten Dargyé (Slab-bstan-dar-rgyas).[2]: 25, 171 

He took the surname Namgyal (meaning victorious) and founded a new dynasty which still survives today. King Tashi Namgyal (1555–1575) managed to repel most Central Asian raiders, and built a royal fort on the top of the Namgyal Peak. Tsewang Namgyal (1575–1595) extended his kingdom as far as Nepal.

 
The Empire of King Nyimagon in Western Tibet about 975-1000 AD. The eldest son Palgyimon received the bulk of the empire under the name Maryul, based in Leh.

Sengge Namgyal (r. 1616-1642), known as the "Lion" King, made efforts to restore Ladakh to its old glory by an ambitious and energetic building program including the Leh Palace and the rebuilding of several gompas, the most famous of which are Hemis and Hanle.[3]

He expanded the kingdom into Zanskar and Spiti, but was defeated by the Mughals, who had already occupied Kashmir and Baltistan. His son Deldan Namgyal (1642–1694) had to placate the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb by building a mosque in Leh. However, he defeated the Mughal army in Baltistan. His son Delek sided with Bhutan in a religious dispute between Tibet and Bhutan, which resulted in an invasion by the Fifth Dalai Lama. Delek Namgyal sought assistance from the Mughal Empire who drove out the Tibetan forces. The Mughuls withdrew after being paid off by the 5th Dalai Lama.[4] With the help of reinforcements from Galdan Boshugtu Khan, Khan of the Zungar Empire, the Tibetans attacked again in 1684.[citation needed] The Tibetans were victorious and concluded a treaty with Ladakh then they retreated back to Lhasa in December 1684. The Treaty of Temisgam in 1684 settled the dispute between Tibet and Ladakh, but its independence was seriously restricted.

Downfall

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The Namgyal dynasty ended in 1842 after an invasion of Ladakh by the Dogra general Zorawar Singh and its subsequent annexation.[5]

By the beginning of the 19th century, the Mughal empire had collapsed and Sikh rule had been established in Punjab and Kashmir. However the Dogra region of Jammu remained under its Rajput rulers (who ruled under the maharaja ranjit singh) Rajput ruler were given the control of their states but under the name of Punjab and they were part of khalsa empire, General Zorawar Singh invaded Ladakh in 1834. King Tshespal Namgyal was dethroned and exiled to Stok where they still had a small jagir until the post independence political integration of India.[6]

List of kings

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The kings of Namgyal dynasty along with their periods of reign are as follows:[7][8][9]

  1. Lhachen Bhagan (c. 1460-1485)
  2. Unknown (c. 1485-1510)
  3. Lata Jughdan (c. 1510-1535)
  4. Kunga Namgyal I (c. 1535-1555)
  5. Tashi Namgyal ('BKra‐śis‐rnam‐rgyal, c. 1555-1575) son[10]
  6. Tsewang Namgyal I (Ts'e-dbaṅ‐rnam‐rgyal, c. 1575-1595) nephew[11]
  7. Namgyal Gonpo (rNam-rgyal-mgon-po, c. 1595-1600) brother
  8. Jamyang Namgyal (Jams-dbyang-rnam-rgyal, c. 1595-1616) brother[12]
  9. Sengge Namgyal (Seng-ge-rnam-rgyal, first time, 1616–1623) son[13]
  10. Norbu Namgyal (1623–1624) brother
  11. Sengge Namgyal (second time, 1624–1642)[13]
  12. Deldan Namgyal (Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal, 1647–1694) son[14]
  13. Delek Namgyal (Bde-legs-rnam-rgyal, 1678–1691) son (prince regent)[15]
  14. Nyima Namgyal (Ñi-ma-rnam-rgyal, 1691–1729) son[16]
  15. Deskyong Namgyal (Bde‐skyoṅ‐rnam‐rgyal, 1729–1739) son
  16. Phuntsog Namgyal (P'un‐ts'ogs‐rnam‐rgyal, 1739–1753) son
  17. Tsewang Namgyal II (Ts'e‐dbaṅ-rnam‐rgyal, 1753–1782) son
  18. Tseten Namgyal (Ts'e‐brtan‐rnam‐rgyal, 1782-1802) son
  19. Tsepal Dondup Namgyal (Ts'e‐dpal‐don‐grub‐rnam‐rgyal, 1802–1837, 1839–1840) brother
  20. Kunga Namgyal II (Kun‐dga'‐rnam‐rgyal, 1840–1842) grandson
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  • Leh Palace 
    Leh Palace
  • The Stok Royal Palace, residence of the descendants of Namgyal dynasty 
    The Stok Royal Palace, residence of the descendants of Namgyal dynasty
  • Tsemo Castle 
    Tsemo Castle

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Teg Bahadur Kapur (1987). Ladakh, the Wonderland A Geographical, Historical, and Sociological Study. Mittal Publications. p. 57. ISBN 9788170990116.
  2. ^ Petech, Luciano (1977). The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. (PDF). Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via academia.edu.
  3. ^ Rizvi, Ladakh 1996, p. 69
  4. ^ Johan Elverskog (6 June 2011). Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-0-8122-0531-2.
  5. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977), pp. 1, 138–170.
  6. ^ Kaul, H. N. (1998). Rediscovery of Ladakh. Indus Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7387-086-6.
  7. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 171–172.
  8. ^ Sali, M. L. (20 April 1998). India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector. APH Publishing. ISBN 9788170249641. Retrieved 20 April 2018 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ Kaul, H. N. (20 April 1998). Rediscovery of Ladakh. Indus Publishing. ISBN 9788173870866. Retrieved 20 April 2018 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 28–29.
  11. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 31–32.
  12. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 33–37.
  13. ^ a b Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, p. 37.
  14. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 58, 69.
  15. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 69, 70.
  16. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 70, 81, 95.

Bibliography

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