NGC 6822 (also known as Barnard's Galaxy, IC 4895, or Caldwell 57) is a barred irregular galaxy approximately 1.6 million light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius. Part of the Local Group of galaxies, it was discovered by E. E. Barnard in 1884, with a six-inch refractor telescope. It is the closest non-satellite galaxy to the Milky Way, but lies just outside its virial radius.[5] It is similar in structure and composition to the Small Magellanic Cloud. It is about 7,000 light-years in diameter.[6]
| NGC 6822 | |
|---|---|
 NGC 6822 from ESO's Wide Field Imager at La Silla Observatory | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Sagittarius |
| Right ascension | 19h 44m 56.6s[1] |
| Declination | −14° 47′ 21″[1] |
| Redshift | −57 ± 2 km/s (−35.4 ± 1.2 mi/s)[1] |
| Distance | 1.63 ± 0.03 Mly (500 ± 10 kpc)[2][3][4] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.3[1] |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | IB(s)m[1] |
| Apparent size (V) | 15.5′ × 13.5′[1] |
| Other designations | |
| Barnard's Galaxy, DDO 209, Caldwell 57, IC 4895, PGC 63616[1] | |
Observational history
editNGC 6822 was discovered by E. E. Barnard in 1884 using a six-inch refractor telescope.
Edwin Hubble, in the paper N.G.C. 6822, A Remote Stellar System,[7] identified 15 variable stars (11 of which were Cepheids) of this galaxy. He also surveyed the galaxy's stars distribution down to magnitude 19.4. He provided spectral characteristics, luminosities and dimensions for the five brightest "diffuse nebulae" (giant H II regions) that included the Bubble Nebula and the Ring Nebula. He also computed the absolute magnitude of the entire galaxy.
Hubble's detection of eleven Cepheid variable stars was a milestone in astronomy. Utilizing the Cepheid Period-Luminosity relationship, Hubble determined a distance of 214 kiloparsecs or 698,000 light-years. This was the first system beyond the Magellanic Clouds to have its distance determined. (Hubble continued this process with the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy). This distance to the galaxy was way beyond Harlow Shapley's value of 300,000 light-years for the size of the universe. In the paper, Hubble concluded the "Great Debate" of 1920 between Heber Curtis and Shapley over the scale of the universe and the nature of the "spiral nebula". It soon became evident that all spiral nebulae were in fact spiral galaxies far outside our own Milky Way.
An analysis of Hubble's plates by Susan Kayser in 1966 remained the most complete study of this galaxy until 2002.[8]
In 1977, Paul W. Hodge extended the list of known H II regions in Barnard to 16. Today, there are over 150 of these regions catalogued in Barnard's Galaxy.
Star formation
editObservations of the galaxy show stars-forming in the dense cores of giant clouds of molecular hydrogen gas, cold enough to collapse under its own gravity.[9] The distribution of hydrogen gas is disk-shaped, but mysteriously, it is angled at about 60° relative to the stellar distribution.[5] Most of its stars formed within the last 3 to 5 billion years.[5]
NGC 6822 has spent most of its life in relative isolation. However, it likely passed within the virial radius of the Milky Way some 3 to 4 billion years ago, which may be coincident with its increase in star formation.[5]
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The Hubble-X Star-forming region.
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Closeup of another star-forming region
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NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope image of NGC 6822
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JWST NIRCam’s view of NGC 6822 [11]
See also
edit- Large Magellanic Cloud, another irregular galaxy within the Local Group
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database", Results for NGC 6822, retrieved 2007-03-15
- ^ Karachentsev et al. 2004
- ^ Karachentsev & Kashibadze 2006
- ^ Cannon et al. 2006
- ^ a b c d Zhang, Shumeng; MacKey, Dougal; Da Costa, Gary S. (2021). "A panoramic view of the Local Group dwarf galaxy NGC 6822". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 508 (2): 2098–2113. arXiv:2108.04431. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2642.
- ^ "NGC 6822: Barnard's Galaxy". APOD. NASA. 8 February 2013.
- ^ (Hubble 1925)
- ^ "New Image Shows Rich Neighborhood of Nearby Galaxy". Archived from the original on 2019-03-25. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
- ^ ALMA peers into the hearts of stellar nurseries, eso.org
- ^ "ALMA peers into the hearts of stellar nurseries". www.eso.org. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ "JWST NIRCam's view of NGC 6822". October 13, 2023.
Sources
edit- Cannon, John M.; Walter, Fabian; Armus, Lee; Bendo, George J.; Calzetti, Daniela; Draine, Bruce T.; Engelbracht, Charles W.; Helou, George; et al. (December 2006), "The Nature of Infrared Emission in the Local Group Dwarf Galaxy NGC 6822 as Revealed by Spitzer", The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 652, no. 2, pp. 1170–1187, arXiv:astro-ph/0608249, Bibcode:2006ApJ...652.1170C, doi:10.1086/508341, S2CID 10287455
- Hubble, Edwin P. (December 1925), "NGC 6822, a remote stellar system", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 62, pp. 409–433, Bibcode:1925ApJ....62..409H, doi:10.1086/142943
- Karachentsev, I. D.; Karachentseva, V. E.; Hutchmeier, W. K.; Makarov, D. I. (April 2004), "A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies", Astronomical Journal, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 2031–2068, Bibcode:2004AJ....127.2031K, doi:10.1086/382905
- Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (January 2006), "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field", Astrophysics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 3–18, Bibcode:2006Ap.....49....3K, doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6, S2CID 120973010
- Robert Burnham, Jr, Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An observer's guide to the universe beyond the solar system, vol 3, p. 1559
External links
edit- The Milky Way's Tiny but Tough Galactic Neighbour — ESO Press Release
- NGC 6822: Barnard's Galaxy Archived 2009-06-03 at the Wayback Machine
- NGC 6822 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
- SEDS – NGC 6822