Muslim League National Guard,[2] or Muslim National Guard,[3] was the name of a quasi-paramilitary Islamist organization associated with the All-India Muslim League that took part in the Pakistan Movement. It was active in the violence that ensued during the Partition of India and later the Kashmir conflict.
 | |
| Abbreviation | MLNG |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1937 |
| Founder | Raja of Mahmudabad |
| Founded at | Mahmudabad, United Provinces, British India |
| Defunct | 1949 |
| Type | Quasi-paramilitary |
| Legal status | Defunct |
| Purpose | Islamism, Pakistan movement, Kashmiri separatist movement |
Region served | South Asia |
Membership (1947) | 118,152[1] |
Notable commanders | Siddique Ali Khan Shaukat Hayat Khan Khurshid Anwar |
Parent organization | All-India Muslim League |
In East Bengal, the Muslim National Guard was popularly known as the Azrail Bahini.[citation needed]
History
editFoundation
editThe organisation of Muslim National Guard was founded in the United Provinces in c. 1937. It followed the formation of other Muslim-focused volunteer corps organisations such as Ahrars (1929) and Khaksars (1931). According to scholar Ian Talbot, Muslim League began to make use of public spaces for agitation for its Pakistan movement, which had the danger of rousing public passions and inviting repression from the British government. The Muslim National Guards were created to reconcile public participation with public order.[4]
The Raja of Mahmudabad convened a committee in early 1937 and drafted the ground rules for the organisation. It incorporated discipline, truthfulness and social service with the objective of achieving a cohesive Muslim community. Membership was limited to Muslims, with a minimum age of 15 years.[5] In 1940, the Muslim League drew up a new constitution, setting its aims and objectives to be the same as those of Muslim League. Another revision of the constitution was made in 1944, focusing the organisation's role in social and physical development of Muslims. A renewed emphasis was placed on volunteers wearing a uniform, attending the mosque and flag salutation ceremonies.[6][2]
Strength
editBy the end of 1946, the Muslim National Guard had 22,000 members in Punjab. But lagged behind its Hindu counterpart, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, which had twice as many. In Punjab, it had to also reckon with the Sikh force Akal Fauj, as well as the various Sikh jathas.[7] In February 1947, the British Indian government estimated the all-India strength to be 118,152, which is assessed as an underestimate by scholar Ian Talbot. Its commander Siddique Ali Khan claimed a strength of 300,000 in the Bengal province alone, which is taken to be an overestimate.[1]
Presence throughout the Regions
editPunjab
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Bengal and Bihar
editIn Bengal, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, at the inauguration of a training center in Faridpur, stated that those who were getting training at the center would act as the soldiers for the achievement of Pakistan and would save the Muslims from enemy attacks. In 1946, Abdul Monem Khan organized the Muslim National Guard in Mymensingh with 100,000 volunteers and became the Salar-i-Zilla or the commander-in-chief of the district.[8]
The members of the National Guard wore distinctive green uniforms with green hats and carried green flags.[9]
Role in Partition violence
editOn 24 January 1946, the Coalition Government declared both the Muslim National Guard and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh illegal organizations.[citation needed] The private armies were considered a menace to the State and hence won't be tolerated. Ghazarfar Ali opposed the Government decision contending that a ban on the Muslim National Guard was a ban on the most important activities of the Muslim League.[10] On 14 August 1946, two days before the Direct Action Day started in Kolkata, the members of the Muslim National Guards were called upon to assemble at the Muslim Institute at 8:30 a.m.[11] During the violence in the Punjab, the Muslim National Guard worked closely with the Khaksars and the Ahrars.[12]
Ban
editIn 1948, the organization was banned in India after the Indian government launched a crackdown against organizations dedicated to promoting communal hatred or preaching violence in the aftermath of the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi. [13][14]
Criticism
editEvan Meredith Jenkins, the last British Governor of the Punjab compared the Muslim National Guard to Nazi storm troopers.[15] Historian Rakesh Batabyal draws parallels between fascist methods and the creation of paramilitary forces such as the Muslim National Guard. He observes that Juan José Linz's analysis of fascist organizations applies: elected political parties using violence against opponents instead of political campaigning was a tragic innovation.[16]
See also
edit- National Guard (Pakistan), a military reserve created in 1948
References
edit- ^ a b Talbot, The Role of the Muslim National Guards (1996), pp. 65–66.
- ^ a b Hansen, The Punjab 1937-47 – A Case of Genocide? (2003), p. 95.
- ^ Talbot, The Role of the Muslim National Guards (1996).
- ^ Talbot, The Role of the Muslim National Guards (1996), p. 59.
- ^ Talbot, The Role of the Muslim National Guards (1996), p. 63.
- ^ Talbot, The Role of the Muslim National Guards (1996), p. 64.
- ^ Ahmed, The Punjab Bloodied (2012), Chapter 4.
- ^ Salam, Muhammad Abdus (2012). "Khan, Abdul Monem". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2004). The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947: Contour of Freedom. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-134-33275-5.
- ^ Talib, S. Gurbachan Singh, ed. (1991) [1950]. Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947. New Delhi: Voice of India. p. 50.
- ^ Sanyal, Sunanda; Basu, Soumya (2011). The Sickle & the Crescent: Communists, Muslim League and India's Partition. London: Frontpage Publications. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-908841-6-7.
- ^ Talib, S. Gurbachan Singh, ed. (1991) [1950]. Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947. New Delhi: Voice of India. p. 141.
- ^ Khan, Yasmin (2011). "Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state". Modern Asian Studies. 45 (1): 57–80. doi:10.1017/S0026749X10000223. S2CID 144894540.
- ^ Best, A. (2003). British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. From 1946 through 1950. Asia 1949. Burma, India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Indonesia, The Philippines and South-East Asia and the Far East (general), January 1949- December 1949. Asia / ed. Anthony Best. Univ. Publ. of America. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-55655-768-2. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
The government also declared the Muslim League National Guard, and Khaksars to be unlawful organisations. In Madras and Bombay the action taken was considerably more comprehensive: Communist volunteer corps were covered by the ban and in the latter Province the Schedule Castes Volunteer Organisation was also forbidden.
- ^ Biswas, Bipad Bhanjan (2003). Bharat Bibhajan: Jogendranath O Dr. Ambedkar (in Bengali). p. 44.
- ^ Batabyal, Rakesh (2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943-47. New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 385–386. ISBN 81-7829-471-0.
Communalism strongly resemble[s] Fascist ideology and methods. These included the creation of paramilitary forces, such as the Muslim National Guards and the Hindustan National Guard ... What Linz writes about Fascist organizations to an extent was true of these organizations. He says: 'The discovery of the parliamentary political organisation ready to use violence against its opponents, rather than electioneering or conspiring, was a tragic innovation ...' (Juan J. Linz, 'Comparative Study of Fascism', in Walter Laqueur ed., Fascism, p.15.)
Bibliography
edit- Ahmed, Ishtiaq (2012), The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed: Unravelling the 1947 Tragedy through Secret British Reports and First-Person Accounts, OUP Pakistan, ISBN 978-0-19-906470-0
- Hansen, Anders Bjørn (2003), "The Punjab 1937-47 – A Case of Genocide?" (PDF), in Steven L. B. Jensen (ed.), Genocide: Cases, Comparisons and Contemporary Debates, Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, pp. 83–122, ISBN 978-87-989305-0-1
- Talbot, Ian (1996), Freedom's Cry: The Popular Dimension in the Pakistan Movement and Partition Experience in North-West India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 019-577657-7 – via archive.org
- Talbot, Ian (1996), "Crowds, Ceremonial and State Symbolism: The Role of the Muslim National Guards in the Pakistan Movement", Ibid, Oxford University Press, pp. 59–80, ISBN 978-0-19-577657-7 – via archive.org