Mohsen Sazegara (Persian: محسن سازگارا; born 5 January 1955) is an Iranian journalist and pro-democracy political activist. He was the founder of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. He held several offices in the government of Mir Hossein Mousavi. He applied to become a candidate for President of Iran in the 2001 election but was declined.
Mohsen Sazegara | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 5 January 1955 Tehran, Imperial State of Iran |
| Political party | National Coalition of Freedom-Seekers (2003)[1] |
| Other political affiliations | Freedom Movement of Iran (1970s)[2] |
| Residence | United States |
| Occupation | Journalist and activist |
| Website | Sazegara.net |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | Revolutionary Guards |
| Years of service | 1979 |
His reformist policies clashed with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, eventually resulting in Sazegara's arrest in early 2003. Following his release in August 2003, he moved to the United Kingdom for medical attention. He currently resides in the United States.
Early career
editIn the late 1970s, Sazegara was an undergraduate student at both Sharif University of Technology in Iran and the Illinois Institute of Technology,[3] during which time he was a leader of the student movement against Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. During the 1979 revolution, he returned to Iran and served as a founder of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the managing director of the National Radio of Iran (1979–1981).[3] In the 1980s, Sazegara served as political deputy in the prime minister's office, deputy minister of heavy industries, chairman of the Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran, and vice minister of planning and budget.[3]
Sazegara became disillusioned with the Islamic Republic government. Following the end of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988 and the death of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1989, he turned down further government posts, saying that his refusal was in order to continue his study of history.[4]
Studies and reform
editSazegara earned his master's degree in history at Shahid Beheshti University in Iran, and completed his doctoral thesis on religious intellectuals and the Islamic revolution at the University of London 1996.[3] After the 1997 election of reformist president Mohammad Khatami, Sazegara published several reformist newspapers including Jameah, Tus, and Golestan-e-Iran, all of which were closed by the hard-line regime.[3][5]
Believing that reform would be impossible with the current Iranian Constitution, he launched a campaign to hold a referendum on the constitution. His drive to amend the constitution gained strong support among many students. In 2001, Sazegara became a presidential candidate; however, his candidacy was refused by the Guardian Council, reportedly because his opinions were "not congruent with the wishes of the Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader."[6]
Arrest
editOn February 18, 2003, Sazegara was arrested by the Ministry of Intelligence and held for five days, during which he protested by hunger strike.[7][8] His arrest was criticized by the journalism associations the World Association of Newspapers and the World Editors Forum, which together represent over 18,000 publications in 100 countries.[9] Amnesty International named him a prisoner of conscience and called for his immediate release.[10]
Later that same year, he was arrested again on June 15, this time with his eldest son Vahid Sazegara, on the order of Tehran's public prosecutor, Saeed Mortazavi. Vahid was released July 9, but Mohsen spent 114 days in custody and 79 days on a hunger strike, during which he lost almost 50 pounds of his body weight. After his release from Evin Prison, he left Iran to seek medical attention in the United Kingdom.[11][12][13]
Continued activism
editIn the United Kingdom, Sazegara continued to call for a referendum to replace the Iranian Constitution. He launched an Internet petition that gained the signatures of over 35,000 people.[3] Iran sentenced him in absentia to seven years in prison.[14]
In March 2005, Sazegara left the UK for the United States to be a visiting scholar at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Following a six-month term there, he joined Yale University's Center for International and Area Studies. By the end of the educational year he left Yale to work at Harvard University as a researcher on Iran.[15] In 2009, Sazegara appealed for Iranian dissidents to avoid fragmentation and unite behind former presidential candidate Mir Hossein Mousavi.[16] In 2010, he was a visiting fellow at the George W. Bush Institute at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas.[17][18]
Sazegara is a devout Muslim. He advocates for separation of religion and state in Iran.[19]
Notes and references
edit- ^ "Chronology of Events in Iran, April 2003: Iranian dissident released on health grounds" (PDF). Agence France-Presse. April 2003. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-20 – via UNCHR Ankara COI Team.
- ^ "Political life of Ebrahim Yazdi". Archived from the original on 2017-10-14. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
- ^ a b c d e f The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (2005-03-30). "Iranian Dissident And Political Activist Mohsen Sazegara Joins The Washington Institute As A Visiting Fellow." Archived 2006-05-14 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Press Release. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
- ^ Sazegara, Mohsen (2005-04-11). "Iran's Road to Democracy." Archived 2005-10-29 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). openDemocracy Ltd. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
- ^ Geneive Abdo (Fall 2003). "Media and Information: The Case of Iran". Social Research: An International Quarterly. 70 (3): 880–881. JSTOR 40971645.
- ^ "Access Denied: Iran's Exclusionary Elections." (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
- ^ "Mohsen Sazegara Freed and Hospitalized." Archived 2006-10-16 at the Wayback Machine Iran Press Service. 2003-02-23. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
- ^ "Outspoken Dissident Mohsen Sazegara Arrested." sazegara.net 2003-02-18. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
- ^ Hong, S. H. & Anderson, G. B. (2003-02-21). "To Express Concern at the Arrest of Journalist Mohamed Mohsen Sazegara." World Association of Newspapers. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
- ^ "Further Information on UA 173/03 (MDE 13/014/2003, 18 June 2003) and follow-up (MDE 13/020/2003, 11 July 2003) - Prisoner of conscience/ Incommunicado detention/ Fear of torture or ill-treatment/ Medical concern". Amnesty International. 2 September 2003. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ "Mohsen Sazegara Released." Archived 2006-10-16 at the Wayback Machine Iran Press Service. 2003-10-07. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
- ^ "Mohsen Sazegara arrested after publishing an article on his website calling for "a profound change of the constitution" at risk of torture or ill-treatment." Amnesty International. 2003-09-02. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
- ^ "Iran: Further Information on Prisoners of conscience /Incommunicado detention/ fear of torture or ill-treatment." 2003-09-11. Amnesty International. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
- ^ "Iranian Sentenced in Absentia Laments State of Judiciary" (2005-08-24). The Washington Post. Page A12.
- ^ Beehner, Lionel (2006-10-20). "Sazegara: Strong Talk and Sanctions May Resolve Stalemate with Iran." Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
- ^ "Khomeini ally now leads Iran dissidents" by Iason Athanasiadis, The Washington Times, 2009-08-17, Retrieved 2009-08-20
- ^ "Bush Institute". Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- ^ "Bush Institute announcement". Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ "The Jerusalem Post". Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
External links
edit- Mohsen Sazegara's Weblog
- Mohsen Sazegara Freedom Collection interview
- BBC Radio 4: Taking a Stand BBC journalist Fergal Keane interviews Mohsen Sazegara about his life in a radio programme first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on December 14, 2010.