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Shahzada Mirza Muhammad Hakim (29 April 1553 – 10 October 1585[citation needed]), sometimes known simply as Mirza Hakim, was the third son of the Mughal emperor Humayun. He ruled Kabul in Afghanistan, and often conflicted with his elder brother, Emperor Akbar, who he later on mended ways with. He was the son of Mah Chuchak Begum. Mirza Hakim was the ruler of Kabul, and was practically independent, although supposed to owe fealty to the Mughal emperor.[1]
| Mirza Hakim | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shahzada of Mughal Empire | |||||
 | |||||
| Subahdar of Kabul | |||||
| Reign | 23 October 1575 – 1580 | ||||
| Coronation | Akbar I | ||||
| Predecessor | Munim Khan | ||||
| Successor | Man Singh I | ||||
| Born | 29 April 1553 Kabul, Mughal Empire (modern-day Afghanistan) | ||||
| Died | 10 October 1585 (aged 32) Mughal Empire | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Daughter of Sulaiman Shah Mirza of Badakhshan | ||||
| Issue |
| ||||
| |||||
| House | House of Babur | ||||
| Dynasty | Timurid dynasty | ||||
| Father | Humayun | ||||
| Mother | Mah Chuchak Begum | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam (Hanafi) | ||||
Invasion of Afghanistan
editPer Tabakat-i-Akbari of Nizamuddin Ahmad, Mughal Emperor Akbar had dispatched Hakim, who was a staunch adherent of the missionary-minded Naqshbandi Sufi order, against the infidels of Katwar in 1582.[2] Hakim was a semi-independent governor of Kabul.[3] The Sifat-nama-yi Darviš Muhammad Hān-i Ğāzī of Kadi Muhammad Salim who accompanied the expedition mentions its details.[2] The Sifat-nama gives Muhammad Hakim the epithet of Darviš Khan Gazi.[3]
Muhammad Darvish's religious crusade fought its way from Laghman to Alishang, and is stated to have conquered and converted 66 valleys to Islam. After conquering Tajau and Nijrau valleys in Panjshir area, the crusaders established a fort at Islamabad at confluence of Alishang and Alingar rivers. They continued the raid up to Alishang and made their last effort against the non-Muslims of Alingar, fighting up to Mangu, the modern border between Pashai and Ashkun-speaking areas.[4]
Rebellion
editAkhlaq-i-Hakimi written by his secretary confirmed the commitment of Kabul's kingdom to the supremacy of Islam and Muslims, unlike the court of Akbar which inched towards tolerating difference and protection of people of all faiths. He also swore fealty to Babur while Akbar had embraced Humayun. By presenting himself as a contrast to Akbar, he became a focus of anti-Akbar rebels who requested him to invade and dethrone Akbar in 1566 and 1581. His invasion however met with little success as only a few north Indians supported him.[5]
Hakim made a plea to Akbar's Central Asian officers to not help him occupy Kabul and instead attack the Indians in the Mughal army. His efforts however failed and Kabul was occupied. Hakim was defeated in 1582 and his prime minister Khwaja Hasan Naqshbandi was exiled by Akbar. After his death in 1585 due to alcohol poisoning, Akbar had his sons expelled to India and ended his princely appanage.[6]
References
edit- ^ Smith, Vincent A. Akbar (Vincent A. Smith). p. 190.
Akbar by his half-brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim, the ruler of Kabul, who was practically independent, although supposed to owe fealty to the emperor of Hindostan,
- ^ a b Bosworth, C. E.; Van Donzel, E.; Lewis, Bernard; Pellat, Charles (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IV. Brill. p. 409.
- ^ a b Bosworth, C. E. "Ğihād in Afghanistan and Muslim India". Israel Oriental Studies. 10. Tel Aviv University: 153.
- ^ Cacopardo, Alberto M.; Cacopardo, Augusto S. Gates of Peristan: history, religion and society in the Hindu Kush. Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. p. 32.
- ^ Faruqui, Munis D. (27 August 2012). The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 9781107022171.
- ^ Faruqui, Munis D. (27 August 2012). The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137, 139. ISBN 9781107022171.