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Maud Marshal

Maud Marshal, Countess of Norfolk, Countess of Surrey (1192 – 27 March 1248) was an Anglo-Norman noblewoman and a wealthy co-heiress of her father William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and her mother Isabel de Clare suo jure 4th Countess of Pembroke. Maud was their eldest daughter.[1] She had two husbands: Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, and William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey.

Maud Marshal
Countess of Norfolk
Countess of Surrey
Born1192
Died27 March 1248
Noble familyMarshal
De Clare
Spouse(s)Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk
William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey
IssueRoger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk
Hugh Bigod
Isabel Bigod
Ralph Bigod
William Bigod
John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey
Isabella de Warenne
FatherWilliam Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
MotherIsabel de Clare, suo jure 4th Countess of Pembroke

Maud was also known as Matilda Marshal.

Family

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Maud's birthdate is unknown other than being at the latest 1192.[2] She was the eldest daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke, herself one of the greatest heiresses in Wales and Ireland.[2] She was a member of the Marshal Family. Maud had five brothers and four younger sisters and was the longest lived of the siblings.[3] She was a co-heiress to her parents' extensive rich estates.

Her paternal grandparents were John FitzGilbert Marshal and Sybilla of Salisbury, and her maternal grandparents were Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, known as "Strongbow", and Aoife of LeinsterPrincess of Leinster and Countess of Pembroke.[4]

Marriages and issue

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Sometime before Lent in 1207, Maud married her first husband, Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk.[5] It was through this marriage between Maud and Hugh that the post of Earl Marshal of England came finally to the Howard Dukes of Norfolk.[6] In 1215, Hugh was one of the twenty-five sureties of Magna Carta. He came into his inheritance in 1221, thus Maud became the Countess of Norfolk at that time.

Together they had children:[7]

  • Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (1209–1270). He married Isabella of Scotland in 1125,[8] when she was at least 27 years old.[9] He became a ward of his new brother-in-law King Alexander II of Scotland until 1128.[10] Roger died childless and was succeeded by his nephew.
  • Hugh Bigod (1212–1266), Justiciar of England. Married Joan de Stuteville, by whom he had four sons and four daughters.[11]
  • Isabel Bigod (c. 1215–1250), married firstly Gilbert de Lacy of Ewyas Lacy, by whom she had issue; and secondly John Fitzgeoffrey, Lord of Shere, by whom she had issue.
  • Ralph Bigod (born c. 1218, date of death unknown), married Bertha de Furnival, by whom he had one child.

Hugh Bigod died in 1225. One of Maud's first acts as a widow was to transfer some Bigod lands to her son Roger.[3]

Maud married her second husband, William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey before 13 October that same year.[8]

Together they had two children:

Maud's second husband died in 1240 and she became a wealthy double dowager,[14] with dower rights accrued from both of her marriages.[8]

Her youngest son John succeeded his father as the 6th Earl of Surrey, but as he was a minor, Peter of Savoy, uncle of Queen consort Eleanor of Provence, was guardian of his estates.

Death

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Maud died on 27 March 1248 at the age of about fifty-six years and was buried at Tintern Abbey with her mother, possibly her maternal grandmother, and two of her brothers Walter and Anselm.[3]

Maud Marshal in literature

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Maud Marshal is the subject of a novel by Elizabeth Chadwick, titled To Defy a King. In the book, she is called Mahelt rather than Maud. She and her first husband Hugh Bigod appear as secondary characters in books chronicling their parents's lives: The Time of Singing (UK: Sphere, 2008) published in the US as For the King's Favor; The Greatest Knight; and The Scarlet Lion.

Ancestors[15]

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References

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  1. ^ Thomas B. Costain, The Magnificent Century, pp. 103–104
  2. ^ a b Mitchell, Linda E. 'Maud Marshall and Margaret Marshall: Two Viragos Extraordinaire'. In: French, Katherine L.; Biggs, Douglas L. and Mitchell, Linda E. eds. (17 February 2016). The Ties that Bind: Essays in Medieval British History in Honor of Barbara Hanawalt. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-317-01390-7.
  3. ^ a b c Tanner, Heather J. (9 January 2019). Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100–1400: Moving beyond the Exceptionalist Debate. Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-01346-2.
  4. ^ Collins, Carr Pritchett (1959). Royal Ancestors of Magna Charta Barons: Including Ancestry of John Talbot, 10th Earl of Shrewsbury, and Elizabeth Knox, Daughter of Rev. John Knox and His Wife, Margaret Stewart. The Collins Genealogy; the American Ancetry of Kit, Dick, and Christy Collins. Carr P. Collins. p. 260.
  5. ^ Browning, Charles Henry (14 June 2012). Magna Charta Barons and Their Descendants. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8063-0056-6.
  6. ^ Costain, The Magnificent Century, pp. 103–104
  7. ^ Weis, Ancestral Roots gives an additional son, Simon Bigod. A man of that name appears as a witness to one of Earl Hugh's charters (Morris, HBII 2), but as the eighteenth name in a list of twenty, suggesting no close connection to the main branch of the family. He is also named among the knights who surrendered to King John at Framlingham Castle in 1216. He was probably a descendant of Hugh or William Bigod, half-brothers to Earl Roger II Bigod.
  8. ^ a b c Hickey, Julia A. (30 April 2024). William Marshal's Wife: Isabel de Clare, Woman of Influence. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-3990-4329-8.
  9. ^ Bennett, Matthew; Weikert, Katherine (13 September 2016). Medieval Hostageship c.700-c.1500: Hostage, Captive, Prisoner of War, Guarantee, Peacemaker. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-99605-6.
  10. ^ Connolly, Sharon Bennett (30 May 2020). Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-4526-2.
  11. ^ Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 9781449966379.
  12. ^ a b Connolly, Sharon Bennett (7 July 2021). Defenders of the Norman Crown: Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-4530-9.
  13. ^ Carpenter, David A. (2021). Henry III: The Rise to Power and Personal Rule, 1207-1258. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-25919-3.
  14. ^ Morris, Marc (2005). The Bigod Earls of Norfolk in the Thirteenth Century. Boydell Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-84383-164-8.
  15. ^ Charles, Dr Bertie. "MARSHAL family, earls of Pembroke".
  • Thomas B. Costain, The Magnificent Century, published by Doubleday and Company, Garden City, New York, 1959
  • thePeerage.com/p 10677.htm#106761
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