The Mask of Agamemnon is a gold funerary mask discovered at the Bronze Age site of Mycenae in southern Greece. The mask, displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, has been described by the historian Cathy Gere as the "Mona Lisa of prehistory".[1]
| Mask of Agamemnon | |
|---|---|
 The mask in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens | |
| Material | Gold |
| Created | 1550–1500 BC |
| Discovered | 1876 at Mycenae, Greece by Heinrich Schliemann |
| Present location | National Archaeological Museum, Athens |
German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered the artifact in 1876, believed that he had found the body of the Mycenaean king Agamemnon, leader of the Achaeans in the ancient Greek epic of the Trojan War, the Iliad. Modern archaeological research suggests that the mask dates to about the 16th century BC, pre-dating the period of the mythical Trojan War by 300–400 years.
Discovery
editSchliemann found the gold funeral mask in 1876, in a shaft tomb designated Grave V, at the site Grave Circle A, Mycenae.[2][3] A total of eight men were discovered in Grave Circle A,[3][4] all of whom had weapons in their graves,[5] but only five had masks; those were in Grave IV and Grave V.[2][4]
The quantities of gold and carefully worked artifacts indicate honor, wealth and status. The Mask of Agamemnon was named by Schliemann after the legendary Greek king Agamemnon of Homer's Iliad. Schliemann took this as evidence the Trojan War was a real historical event.
The Mask of Agamemnon was created from a single thick gold sheet, heated and hammered against a wooden background with the details chased on later with a sharp tool.[6] Following his discoveries at the site, Schliemann notified King George of Greece.[7] He is supposed to have told the king in a telegraph, "I have gazed upon the face of Agamemnon".[8] Schliemann later named his son after the legendary king. Close to the end of his life, the archaeologist accepted doubts as to the mask's true owner and is quoted as saying, "So this is not Agamemnon ... these are not his ornaments? All right, let's call him Schulze."[9]
Authenticity
editIn the latter half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the authenticity of the mask has been formally questioned, primarily by William Calder III and David Traill.[10] Archaeology magazine has run a series of articles presenting both sides of the debate. By the time of the excavation of the Shaft Graves, the Greek Archaeological Society had taken a hand in supervising Schliemann's work (after the issues at Troy), sending Panagiotis Stamatakis as ephor, or director, of the excavation, who kept a close eye on Schliemann.
Proponents of the fraud argument center their case on Schliemann's reputation for salting digs with artefacts from elsewhere. The resourceful Schliemann, they assert, could have had the mask manufactured on the general model of the other Mycenaean masks and found an opportunity to place it in the excavation.
The defending advocate(s) point out that the excavation was closed on November 26–27 for Sunday holiday and rain. It was not allowed to reopen until Stamatakis had provided the work with credible witnesses. The three other masks were not discovered until the 28th. The Mask of Agamemnon was found on the 30th.
A second critique is based on style. The Mask of Agamemnon differs from three of the other masks in a number of ways: it is three-dimensional rather than flat, one of the facial hairs is cut out, rather than engraved, the ears are cut out, the eyes are depicted as both open and shut, with open eyelids, but a line of closed eyelids across the center, the face alone of all the depictions of faces in Mycenaean art has a full pointed beard with handlebar moustache, the mouth is well-defined (compared to the flat masks), the brows are formed to two arches rather than one.
The defense presented prior arguments that the shape of the lip, the triangular beard and the detail of the beard are nearly the same as the mane and locks of the gold lion-head rhyton from Shaft Grave IV. Schliemann's duplicity, they claim, has been greatly exaggerated, and they also claim that the attackers were conducting a vendetta.
Modern archaeological research suggests that the mask is genuine but pre-dates the period of the Trojan War by 300–400 years.[11][12] Others date the contents of the find even earlier, to approximately 2500 BC.[13]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Gere 2011, pp. 1–2.
- ^ a b "Behind the Mask of Agamemnon"by Spencer P.M. Harrington in Archaeology, Vol. 52, No. 4, July/August 1999. The online archive, retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ^ a b Gates, Charles (2003). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-415-12182-8.
- ^ a b Komita, Nobuo (1982). "The Grave Circles at Mycenae and the Early Indo-Europeans". Research Reports of Ikutoku Technical University (A-7): 59–61.
- ^ Neer, Richard T. (2012). Greek Art and Archaeology: A New History, c. 2500 – c. 150 BCE. Thames & Hudson. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-500-28877-1.
- ^ Biers, William R. (1987). The Archaeology of Greece: An Introduction. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9406-0. OCLC 15317806.
- ^ Harrington, Spencer P.M.; Calder, William M.; Traill, David A.; Demarkopoulou, Katie; Lapatin, Kenneth D.S. (1999). "Behind the Mask of Agamemnon". Archaeology. 52 (4): 51–59. JSTOR 41779424.
- ^ Dickinson, O. T. P. K. (2005). "The "Face of Agamemnon"". Hesperia. 74: 299–308.
- ^ Salomon, Marilyn J. (1974). Great Cities of the World 3: Next Stop... Athens. The Symphonette Press. p. 14.
- ^ Gere 2011, p. 176.
- ^ "Behind the Mask of Agamemnon" by Spencer P.M. Harrington in Archaeology, Vol. 52, No. 4, July/August 1999. The online archive, retrieved 25 July 2018. Archived here.
- ^ Salomon, Marilyn J. (1974). Great Cities of the World 3: Next Stop... Athens. The Symphonette Press. p. 12.
- ^ Salomon, Marilyn J. (1974). Great Cities of the World 3: Next Stop... Athens. The Symphonette Press. p. 101.
References
edit- Gere, Cathy (2011). The Tomb of Agamemnon. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06824-7.
- Behind the mask of Agamemnon Archived 2011-04-10 at the Wayback Machine, July/August 1999
- Is the Mask a Hoax? Archived 2011-03-24 at the Wayback Machine op. cit.
- Insistent Questions Archived 2011-03-11 at the Wayback Machine op. cit.
- The Case for Authenticity Archived 2011-03-11 at the Wayback Machine op. cit.
- Not A Forgery. How about a Pastiche? Archived 2012-08-12 at the Wayback Machine op. cit.
- Epilogue Archived 2012-08-08 at the Wayback Machine op. cit.
External links
editMedia related to Agamemnon Mask at Wikimedia Commons
- Analysis by Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris in Smarthistory