The Madara Rider or Madara Horseman[1] (Bulgarian: Мадарски конник, Madarski konnik) is a large early medieval rock relief carved on the Madara Plateau east of Shumen in northeastern Bulgaria, near the village of Madara. The monument is dated to the very late 7th[2] or more often the very early 8th century, during the reign of the Bulgar Khan Tervel.[3] In 1979, the monument was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[4]
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 The Madara Rider | |
| Location | Shumen, Bulgaria |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i), (iii) |
| Reference | 43 |
| Inscription | 1979 (3rd Session) |
| Area | 1.2 ha (130,000 sq ft) |
| Buffer zone | 501.7 ha (1.937 sq mi) |
| Coordinates | 43°16′36.1″N 27°07′10.4″E / 43.276694°N 27.119556°E |
  Location of Madara Rider in Bulgaria | |
Description
editThe relief sculpture depicts a majestic horseman, approximately 23 m (75 ft) above ground level, carved into an almost vertical 100 m-high (328 ft) cliff. The sculpture is almost life-size.[3] The horseman, facing right, is thrusting a spear into a lion lying at his horse's feet, and on the left a dog is running after the horseman.[5] The carving of the horseman's halo and garments, as well as the bird in front of the horseman's face, are barely recognizable due to centuries of erosion and the generally poor condition of the monument.[6] The relief is similar to the carbon images found in Saltovo, Soulek, Pliska and Veliki Preslav.[1]
Origin tradition
editThe meaning and symbolism of the sculpture is uncertain, as well as its actual masonry tradition and cultural source.[5]
The relief probably incorporates elements of both autochthonous Thracian and the newly arrived Bulgars' particular cults.[7] The monumental size and iconography, and many of the specific details (stirrup, halo, skull-cup, bird, etc.) are generally part of Bulgar tradition, while the rightward direction and the lion are more typical of Thracian tradition.[8]
Some early researchers have considered it an example of the Thracian horseman – a recurring motif of a deity in the form of a horseman in the Paleo-Balkanic mythology.[7][9] The motif typically features a caped horseman astride a steed, with a spear poised in his right hand. He is often depicted as slaying a beast with a spear, although this feature is sometime absent.[10][11][12] Initially considered (and later abandoned) by Konstantin Josef Jireček and Karel Škorpil, this assumption was gradually rejected because of differences in the iconographic details, and the relation with the animals (there's no dog[9]).[1][13]
Many scholars connect the origin of the relief with the ethnogenesis of the Bulgars, a semi-nomadic equestrian warrior culture from the Eurasian Steppe.[14] Others have seen in the relief a resemblance to the Sasanian rock relief tradition.[1][15][5] The hero-horseman is a common character of Turkic and Iranian-Alanic mythology.[5] It is sometimes considered that the horseman represents or is related to the Bulgar deity Tangra, while Vladimir Toporov related it to the Iranian deity Mithra.[5]
Still others have noted a simpler explanation: that the relief was intended to represent Khan Tervel (701–718 AD),[3] or, once considered likely but now usually rejected, Khan Krum (802–814 AD).[13]
Archaeology
editIn 1924–1935, beneath the relief (some 250 m north) were found the remnants of a complex believed to have served as a pagan shrine (three-aisled church) and a rectangular building, probably the ruler's private dwelling, where the ruler did sacral rituals related to Tangra.[16][17] At the site was also found a damaged inscription by Khan Omurtag which mentions the deity Tangra.[18][19]
The complex is commonly dated to the second quarter of the ninth century,[20] as the 1970s excavations dated the pottery between the 8th and the 10th centuries.[21] Some argue that the earliest buildings were founded after the conversion to Christianity.[21] Thus the pagan temple (i.e. church) and the building would have been built on an early Byzantine basilica.[22] To the west of the building was found evidence of a Christian burial, with a golden decorated belt, dated c. 900 AD.[23]
Later in the 20th century, two miles (c. 3.2 km) northeast from the relief was found another group of buildings consisting of a 5th–6th century basilica with inner rectangular structure, which some have interpreted as the pagan temple (though without clear evidence).[22]
Inscriptions
editThree partially preserved texts in Medieval Greek, carved in the rock, can be found around the image of the rider. They bear important information regarding the history of Bulgaria in the period. The oldest inscription is the work of Tervel (701–718 AD), thus it is considered that the relief was created during his rule or immediately after the Bulgars settled the region in 680–681 AD.[2][3] The other inscriptions refer to the Khans Krum (802–814 AD) and Omurtag (814–831 AD), who are most likely the ones who ordered the carvings.[24][3]
Inscription I:[2]
Justinian the emperor made a treaty [...] the Bulgars [...] and came to Tervel. My uncles at Thessaloniki did not trust the emperor with the cut-off nose and went back to the Kisiniie [...] one of his [...] The ruler Tervel made a treaty and gave to the emperor five thousand [...] with my help the emperor scored a fine victory.
Inscription II:[2]
[...] gold. He gave eighteen [...] gold the ruler [...] soldiers [...] a ruler [...] the Greeks (Byzantines) [...] what I gave to you, I will give you every year, and the emperor sent to the ruler [...] and asked the ruler Krumesis [...] the ruler [...] divided the gold [...] began [...] he gave from [...] the ruler Krumesis gave [...] that sea [...] you did [...] the ruler [...] war they tore the treaties [...] war [...] then [...] name [...]
Inscription III:[25]
[...] he was raised [...] tore and Omurtag the ruler set by god sent [...] help to me [...]
Inscription IV:[26]
Khan sybigi Omurtag, ruler from god [...] was [...] and made sacrifice to god Tangra [...] itchurgu boila [...] gold [...]
Legacy
editThe Madara Rider is depicted on the obverse of smaller Bulgarian coins (1 to 50 stotinki) issued in 1999 and 2000.[27]
A June 29, 2008, official survey on the design of Bulgaria's future euro coins was won by the Madara Horseman with 25.44 percent of the votes.[28][29][30]
Madara Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the historic site of Madara.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Donchev 1981, p. 41.
- ^ a b c d Petkov 2008, p. 5.
- ^ a b c d e Fiedler 2008, p. 202.
- ^ Donchev 1981, p. 46.
- ^ a b c d e Sophoulis 2011, p. 83.
- ^ Donchev 1981, p. 41, 45–46.
- ^ a b Donchev 1981, p. 43.
- ^ Donchev 1981, p. 43–44.
- ^ a b Boteva, Dilyana. "Combat against a lion on the votive plaques of the Thracian Rider (a database analysis)". Thracia. Vol. XVI. pp. 213, 216, 218.
- ^ Lurker, Manfred (1987). Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. p. 151.
- ^ Nicoloff, Assen (1983). Bulgarian Folklore. p. 50.
- ^ Isaac, Benjamin H. (1986). The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest. p. 257.
- ^ a b Stancheva, Magdalina; Totyu Totev (1996). The Madara Horseman. Antos. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006.
- ^ Donchev 1981, p. 41–42.
- ^ Fiedler 2008, p. 204.
- ^ Fiedler 2008, p. 204–206.
- ^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 83–85.
- ^ Fiedler 2008, p. 207.
- ^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 84–85.
- ^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 291.
- ^ a b Fiedler 2008, p. 205.
- ^ a b Fiedler 2008, p. 206.
- ^ Fiedler 2008, p. 205–206.
- ^ Petkov 2008, p. 5, 11.
- ^ Petkov 2008, p. 6.
- ^ Petkov 2008, p. 11.
- ^ Bulgarian National Bank. Notes and Coins in Circulation: 1999: 1 stotinka Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, 2 stotinki Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, 5 stotinki Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, 10 stotinki Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, 20 stotinki Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, 50 stotinki Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback Machine; 2000: 1 stotinka Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, 2 stotinki Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine & 5 stotinki Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 26 March 2009.
- ^ "Bulgaria selected the new eruo design". Info Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
- ^ "Bulgaria Chooses Madara Horseman for National Symbol at Euro Coin Design". Sofia News Agency Novinite. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
- ^ "Bulgaria chooses heritage site to adorn euro coins". EU Business. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
- Sources
- Donchev, Slavi (1981). The Madara Horseman (PDF). Vol. 23–24. ICOMOS. pp. 41–46.
- Petkov, Kiril (2008). The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. Brill. ISBN 9789004168312.
- Fiedler, Uwe (2008). "Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research". In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. pp. 151–236. ISBN 9789004163898.
- Sophoulis, Panos (2011). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. Brill. ISBN 9789004206960.
Further reading
edit- Vesselin Beschevliev, "Les inscriptions du relief de Madara", Bsl, 16, 1955, p. 212–254 (Medieval Greek, French).
- Vesselin Beschevliev, "Die protobulgarischen Inschriften", Berlin, 1963 (Medieval Greek, German).
- Веселин Бешевлиев, "Първобългарски надписи", Издателство на Българската академия на науките, София, 1979 (Medieval Greek, Bulgarian).