Mao Yichang or Mao Rensheng[a] (15 October 1870 – 23 January 1920) was a Chinese farmer and grain merchant who achieved notability as the father of Mao Zedong. The nineteenth generation of the Mao clan, he was born and lived his life in the rural village of Shaoshanchong in Shaoshan, Hunan Province.
Mao Yichang 毛贻昌 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 15 October 1870 |
| Died | 23 January 1920 (aged 49) |
| Occupation(s) | Farmer, grain merchant |
| Spouse | Wen Qimei |
| Children | Mao Zedong Mao Zemin Mao Zetan Mao Zejian (adopted) |
| Mao Yichang | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 毛貽昌 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 毛贻昌 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The son of Mao Enpu, he was raised in a poverty-stricken family of peasants. Marrying Wen Qimei when he was fifteen, he subsequently served for two years in the Xiang Army. Returning to agriculture, he became a moneylender and grain merchant, buying up local grain and selling it in the city for a higher price, becoming one of the wealthiest farmers in Shaoshan, with 20 acres of land. He and Wen had four surviving children, Zedong, Zemin, Zetan, and Zejian, the latter of whom was adopted.
Early life
editAccording to family oral histories, the ancestor of the Mao clan in Shaoshanchong (韶山冲) was Mao Taihua. Taihua left his native Jiangxi Province for Yunnan, where he joined Zhu Yuanzhang's rebellion against the Yuan dynasty; Zhu overthrew the Yuan and founded the Ming dynasty in 1368. Taihua married a local woman in Yunnan. In 1380, Taihua's family resettled in Xiangxiang county, Hunan. Around ten years later, two sons moved to Shaoshanchong in Xiangtan county; Mao Yichang was their descendent.[2]
Mao Yichang was born on 15 October 1870, the only child of Mao Enpu and his wife Liu. Enpu was a farmer who had lived in poverty throughout his life, leaving his son debt-ridden.[3] He was betrothed to Wen when she was thirteen and he was ten; the wedding took place five years later when he was fifteen.[3] Due to his father's debts, Yichang served for two years in Zeng Guofan's local Xiang Army, during which time he saved enough money to purchase much of the land that his father had lost.[4] Mao Yichang managed through hard work and frugality to become a significant village landowner.[1] According to stories passed down from Mao Zedong to one his daughters, Yichang often said:[5]
Poverty is not the result of eating too much or spending too much. Poverty comes from an inability to do mathematics. Whoever can do sums will have enough to live by; whoever cannot will squander even mountains of gold![5]
Mao Yichang's mother, Liu, died aged 37 on 20 May 1884.[3]
Raising Mao Zedong
editPrior to Mao Zedong's birth, Mao Yichang and his wife had had two sons, both of whom had died in infancy.[5]
After the birth of Mao Zedong, his parents were presented with a rooster, as was the local custom.[5]
Two years later, a second son was born, who was named Zemin, followed by a third son, Zetan, who was born in 1905. Two further daughters died in infancy, but the family began fostering another daughter.[5]
Although a poorly educated peasant, Mao Yichang became one of the richest people in the village of Shaoshan.[6] Mao Yichang grew rice, two-thirds of which fed his family with the remaining surplus sold at market.[7] Mao Yichang hired two laborers and became a grain middleman for urban markets.[7] Grain middlemen like Mao Yichang were a feature of rural markets, and as an adult, Mao Zedong would describe their economic role as "parasitic".[7] Mao Yichang was also a usurious lender, obtaining mortgages on the other peasant's farms as a result.[8]
Mao Yichang died in 1920 of typhoid.[9]
Mao Zedong described his father as a strict disciplinarian who brutally beat him and his siblings. His father called him lazy because Mao preferred to read books over doing manual labor.[10][11][12]
Father (Mao Enpu)
editMao Enpu (April 27, 1846 – 1904), with his courtesy name Yinbin and nickname Yichen, was a Han Chinese farmer born in Xiangtan, Hunan, Great Qing. He was born in the 26th year of the reign of the Daoguang Emperor. He married a woman the same age as him, named Liu (刘), with whom he had one son and two daughters. His only son was Mao Yichang, later father of his famous grandson Mao Zedong.[13]
References
editNotes
edit- ^ Different historians and biographers have used differing names for Mao Zedong's father; Philip Short, in Mao: A Life (1999), uses "Mao Rensheng" [1] as does historian Rebecca Karl
Footnotes
edit- ^ a b Short 1999, p. 20.
- ^ Pantsov & Levine 2012, p. 11
- ^ a b c Pantsov & Levine 2012, p. 13
- ^ Short 1999, p. 20; Pantsov & Levine 2012, p. 13.
- ^ a b c d e Pantsov & Levine 2012, p. 14
- ^ Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history. Durham [NC]: Duke University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8223-4780-4. OCLC 503828045.
- ^ a b c Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history. Durham [NC]: Duke University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8223-4780-4. OCLC 503828045.
- ^ Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history. Durham [NC]: Duke University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8223-4780-4. OCLC 503828045.
- ^ http://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/92723/excerpt/9781107092723_excerpt.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Schram, Stuart (1966). Mao Tse-tung. London: Simon & Schuster.
- ^ Terrill, Ross (1980). Mao: A Biography.
- ^ Feigon, Lee (2002). Mao: A Reinterpretation. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.
- ^ "祖父毛恩普，伯祖父毛恩农_家谱网". 4g.jiapu.best198.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-12. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
Bibliography
edit- Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005). Mao: The Unknown Story. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-07126-0.
- Feigon, Lee (2002). Mao: A Reinterpretation. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-458-8.
- Hollingworth, Clare (1985). Mao and the Men Against Him. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-01760-2.
- Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2012). Mao: The Real Story. New York and London: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-5447-9.
- Short, Philip (1999). Mao: A Life. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-75198-3.
- Snow, Edgar (1961) [1937]. Red Star Over China. New York City: Grove Press.
- Terrill, Ross (1980). Mao: A Biography. New York City: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-06-014243-8.