Laudanosine

Laudanosine
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name (1S)-1-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
	Other names N-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropapaverine
Identifiers
CAS Number	2688-77-9 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	66114 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.018.412
EC Number	220-253-2;
PubChem CID	73397;
UNII	DA7R5WVN48 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID30878577 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C21H27NO4/c1-22-9-8-15-12-20(25-4)21(26-5)13-16(15)17(22)10-14-6-7-18(23-2)19(11-14)24-3/h6-7,11-13,17H,8-10H2,1-5H3/t17-/m0/s1 Key: KGPAYJZAMGEDIQ-KRWDZBQOSA-N ; InChI=1/C21H27NO4/c1-22-9-8-15-12-20(25-4)21(26-5)13-16(15)17(22)10-14-6-7-18(23-2)19(11-14)24-3/h6-7,11-13,17H,8-10H2,1-5H3/t17-/m0/s1 Key: KGPAYJZAMGEDIQ-KRWDZBQOBO;
	SMILES CN1CCc2cc(c(cc2[C@@H]1Cc3ccc(c(c3)OC)OC)OC)OC;
Properties
Chemical formula	C21H27NO4
Molar mass	357.450 g·mol−1
Melting point	89 °C (192 °F; 362 K)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Laudanosine or N-methyltetrahydropapaverine is a recognized metabolite^[1] of atracurium and cisatracurium. Laudanosine decreases the seizure threshold, and thus it can induce seizures if present at sufficient threshold concentrations; however such concentrations are unlikely to be produced consequent to chemodegradable metabolism of clinically administered doses of cisatracurium or atracurium.

Capsule of *Papaver somniferum* showing latex (opium) exuding from incision. Laudanosine occurs naturally in small amounts (0.1%) in opium.

Laudanosine also occurs naturally in minute amounts (0.1%) in opium, from which it was first isolated in 1871.^[2] Partial dehydrogenation of laudanosine will lead to papaverine, the alkaloid found in the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum).

Laudanosine is a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid. It has been shown to interact with GABA receptors, glycine receptors, opioid receptors, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,^[1]^[3]^[4] but not benzodiazepine or muscarinic receptors, which are also involved in epilepsy and other types of seizures.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b Fodale V, Santamaria LB (July 2002). "Laudanosine, an atracurium and cisatracurium metabolite". Eur J Anaesthesiol. 19 (7): 466–73. doi:10.1017/s0265021502000777 (inactive 1 November 2024). PMID 12113608.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^ Burger A (2005) [1954]. "The Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids". In Manske RH, Holmes HL (eds.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology. Vol. 4. New York: Academic Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-12-469504-3. Retrieved September 18, 2008 through Google Book Search.
^ Katz Y, Weizman A, Pick CG, Pasternak GW, Liu L, Fonia O, Gavish M (May 1994). "Interactions between laudanosine, GABA, and opioid subtype receptors: implication for laudanosine seizure activity". Brain Res. 646 (2): 235–241. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90084-1. PMID 8069669. S2CID 35031924.
^ Exley R, Iturriaga-Vásquez P, Lukas RJ, Sher E, Cassels BK, Bermudez I (Sep 2005). "Evaluation of benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines as ligands for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors". Br J Pharmacol. 146 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706307. PMC 1576253. PMID 15980871.
^ Katz Y, Gavish M (Jan 1989). "Laudanosine does not displace receptor-specific ligands from the benzodiazepinergic or muscarinic receptors". Anesthesiology. 70 (1): 109–111. doi:10.1097/00000542-198901000-00020. PMID 2536252.

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[Fodale-1] Fodale V, Santamaria LB (July 2002). "Laudanosine, an atracurium and cisatracurium metabolite". Eur J Anaesthesiol. 19 (7): 466–73. doi:10.1017/s0265021502000777 (inactive 1 November 2024). PMID 12113608.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

[2] Burger A (2005) [1954]. "The Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids". In Manske RH, Holmes HL (eds.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology. Vol. 4. New York: Academic Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-12-469504-3. Retrieved September 18, 2008 through Google Book Search.

[3] Katz Y, Weizman A, Pick CG, Pasternak GW, Liu L, Fonia O, Gavish M (May 1994). "Interactions between laudanosine, GABA, and opioid subtype receptors: implication for laudanosine seizure activity". Brain Res. 646 (2): 235–241. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90084-1. PMID 8069669. S2CID 35031924.

[4] Exley R, Iturriaga-Vásquez P, Lukas RJ, Sher E, Cassels BK, Bermudez I (Sep 2005). "Evaluation of benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines as ligands for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors". Br J Pharmacol. 146 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706307. PMC 1576253. PMID 15980871.

[5] Katz Y, Gavish M (Jan 1989). "Laudanosine does not displace receptor-specific ligands from the benzodiazepinergic or muscarinic receptors". Anesthesiology. 70 (1): 109–111. doi:10.1097/00000542-198901000-00020. PMID 2536252.

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