Koyraboro Senni

Koyraboro Senni
Koyraboro Senni
كࣷيْرَبࣷرࣷ سٜنِّ‎
Native to	Mali
Region	East of Timbuktu, Gao
Ethnicity	(850,000 (2007?))
Native speakers	430,000 (2007); 300,000 monolingual (2007)
Language family	Nilo-Saharan? Songhay Southern Koyraboro Senni; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ses
Glottolog	koyr1242
	Location of Songhay languages; Northwest Songhay: Korandje Koyra Chiini Tadaksahak Tasawaq Tagdal Eastern Songhay: Tondi Songway Kiini Humburi Senni Koyraboro Senni Zarma language Songhoyboro Ciine Dendi

Koyraboro Senni (Koroboro Senni, Koyra Senni or Gao Senni) is a member of the Songhay languages of Mali and is spoken by some 400,000 people along the Niger River from the town of Gourma-Rharous, east of Timbuktu, through Bourem, Gao and Ansongo to the Mali–Niger border.

The expression "koyra-boro senn-i" denotes "the language of the town dwellers", as opposed to nomads like the Tuareg people and other transhumant people.

Although Koyraboro Senni is associated with settled towns, it is a cosmopolitan language which has spread east and west of Gao, to the Fula people living at the Mali–Niger border and to the Bozo people of the Niger River. East of Timbuktu, Koyra Senni gives way relatively abruptly to the closely related Koyra Chiini.

Geographic distribution

The majority of speakers live in the Gao Region of Mali. It is also spoken in other parts of Mali and in other countries.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p^[a]	t	t͡ʃ	k	ʔ^[b]
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	d͡ʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ^[c]		h
Fricative	voiced		z	ʒ^[c]
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Lateral			l
Trill			r
Approximant		w		j

^ /p/ is uncommon, occurring mainly from loanwords.
^ /ʔ/ only occurs as a result of unassimilated Arabic words.
^ ^a ^b [ʃ ʒ] only occur as a palatalization of fricatives /s z/ preceding front vowels /e i/.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Mid	e eː		o oː
Open		a aː

Nasalized realizations of vowel sounds may also occur, but they are rare among different dialects.

Orthography

Table below illustrates the Latin alphabet for Koyraboro Senni in Mali, as standardized by "DNAFLA".

Koyraboro Senni Songhay Latin Alphabet (Mali)^[4]
A a	B b	C c	D d	E e	F f	G g	H h	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m	N n
[a]	[b]	[t͡ʃ]	[d]	[e]	[f]	[ɡ]	[h]	[i]	[d͡ʒ]	[k]	[l]	[m]	[n]
Ɲ ɲ	Ŋ ŋ	O o	P p	R r	S s	Š š	T t	U u	W w	Y y	Z z	Ž ž
[ɲ]	[ŋ]	[o]	[p]	[r]	[s]	[ʃ]	[t]	[u]	[w]	[j]	[z]	[ʒ]

Table below illustrates the Arabic (Ajami) alphabet for Koyraboro Senni, based on UNESCO.BREDA report on standardization of Arabic script in published in 1987 in Bamako.^[5]^[6]

Koyraboro Senni Arabic alphabet (Mali)^[5]^[6]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ا‎ ‌( - ) [∅]/[ʔ]	ب‎ (B b) [b]	ت‎ (T t) [t]	ٺ‎ (C c) [t͡ʃ]	ث‎ (S s) [s]	ج‎ (J j) [d͡ʒ]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ح‎ (H h) [h]	خ‎ (Kh kh) [x]	ݗ‎ (Ŋ ŋ) [ŋ]	د‎ (D d) [d]	ذ‎ (Z z) [z]	ر‎ (R r) [r]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ز‎ (Z z) [z]	ژ‎ (Ž ž) [ʒ]	س‎ (S s) [s]	ش‎ (Š š) [ʃ]	ص‎ (S s) [s]	ض‎ (D d) [d]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ط‎ (T t) [t]	ظ‎ (Z z) [z]	ع‎ ( - ) [ʔ]	غ‎ (G g) [ɡ]	ݝ‎ (G g) [ɡ]	ڢ‎ (F f) [f]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ݠ‎ (P p) [p]	ڧ‎ (K k) [k]	ك‎ (K k) [k]	ل‎ (L l) [l]	م‎ (M m) [m]	ن‎ (N n) [n]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ه‎ (H h) [h]	و‎ (W w) [w]	ؤ‎ ( - ) [ʔ]	ي‎ (W w) [j]	ئ‎ ( - ) [ʔ]	ࢩ‎ (Ɲ ɲ) [ɲ]

Vowel at the beginning of a word
A	E	I	O	U
Short Vowels
اَ‎	اٜ‎	اِ‎	اࣷ‎	اُ‎
Long Vowels
Aa	Ee	Ii	Oo	Uu
آ‎	اٜيـ / اٜي‎	اِيـ / اِي‎	اࣷو‎	اُو‎

Vowel at the middle or end of a word
a	e	i	o	u
Short Vowels
◌َ‎	◌ٜ‎	◌ِ‎	◌ࣷ‎	◌ُ‎
Long Vowels
aa	ee	ii	oo	uu
◌َا / ◌َـا‎	◌ٜيـ / ◌ٜـيـ‎ ◌ٜي / ◌ٜـي‎	◌ِيـ / ◌ِـيـ‎ ◌ِي / ◌ِـي‎	◌ࣷو / ◌ࣷـو‎	◌ُو / ◌ُـو‎

References

Jeffrey Heath: Grammar of Koyraboro (Koroboro) Senni, the Songhay of Gao. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1999. ISBN 978-3-89645-106-4

External links

^ Koyraboro Senni at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
^ ^a ^b Koyraboro Senni at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ This map is based on classification from Glottolog and data from Ethnologue.
^ République du Mali, Direction nationale de l’alphabétisation fonctionnelle et de la linguistique appliquée, Alphabets et règles d'orthographe des langues nationales, Bamako, DNAFLA, 1993
^ ^a ^b Chtatou, Mohamed (1992). Using Arabic script in writing the languages of the peoples of Muslim Africa. Institute of African Studies, Mohammed V University.
^ ^a ^b Kew, Jonathan (2 June 2003). Proposal to encode Arabic-script letters for African languages (PDF).

[4] /p/ is uncommon, occurring mainly from loanwords.

[5] /ʔ/ only occurs as a result of unassimilated Arabic words.

[palatalized-6] [ʃ ʒ] only occur as a palatalization of fricatives /s z/ preceding front vowels /e i/.

[e16-1] Koyraboro Senni at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)

[e18-2] Koyraboro Senni at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[3] This map is based on classification from Glottolog and data from Ethnologue.

[7] République du Mali, Direction nationale de l’alphabétisation fonctionnelle et de la linguistique appliquée, Alphabets et règles d'orthographe des langues nationales, Bamako, DNAFLA, 1993

[chtatou-8] Chtatou, Mohamed (1992). Using Arabic script in writing the languages of the peoples of Muslim Africa. Institute of African Studies, Mohammed V University.

[unicode-9] Kew, Jonathan (2 June 2003). Proposal to encode Arabic-script letters for African languages (PDF).

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