Kabardino-Balkaria (Russian: Кабарди́но-Балка́рия), officially the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic,[note 1][10][11][12] is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 904,200.[13] Its capital is Nalchik. The area contains the highest mountain in Europe, Mount Elbrus, at 5,642 m (18,510 ft). Mount Elbrus has 22 glaciers that feed three rivers — Baksan, Malka and Kuban. The mountain is covered with snow year-round.
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ (Kabardian) Къабарты-Малкъар Республика (Karachay-Balkar) Кабардино-Балкарская Республика (Russian) | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: State Anthem of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 43°35′N 43°24′E / 43.583°N 43.400°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal district | North Caucasian |
| Economic region | North Caucasus |
| Capital | Nalchik[3] |
| Government | |
| • Type | Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic[4] |
| • Head[6] | Taymuraz Akhokhov[5] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 12,470 km2 (4,810 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total |  904,200
[2] |
| • Rank | 56th |
| • Urban | 51.9% |
| • Rural | 48.1% |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK[7]) |
| ISO 3166 code | RU-KB |
| Vehicle registration | 07 |
| Official language(s) | Balkar[8] • Kabardian[8] • Russian[9] |
| Website | glava |
Geography
editThe republic is situated in the North Caucasus mountains, with plains in the northern part. The republic shares an international border with Georgia.
- Area: 12,500 square kilometers (4,800 sq mi)
- Borders:
- internal: Stavropol Krai (N/NE), North Ossetia–Alania (E/SE/S), Karachay–Cherkessia (W/NW)
- international: Georgia (Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Zemo Svaneti) (S/SW)
- Highest point: Mount Elbrus (5,642 m)
- Maximum N->S distance: 167 kilometers (104 mi)
- Maximum E->W distance: 123 kilometers (76 mi)
Kabardino-Balkaria is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Rivers
editMajor rivers include:
- Terek River (623 km)
- Malka River (216 km)
- Baksan River (173 km)
- Urukh River (104 km)
- Chegem River (102 km)
- Cherek River (76 km)
- Argudan River
- Kurkuzhin River
- Lesken River
Lakes
editThere are about 100 lakes in the Republic, none of which is large. Just over half (55) are located between the Baksan and Malka Rivers, the largest each of an area of no more than 0.01 square kilometers (0.0039 sq mi). Some of the lakes are:
- Tserikkel Lake (area 26,000 m2; depth 368 m)
- Lower Goluboye Lake
- Kel-Ketchen Lake (depth 177 m)
- Upper Tserikkel Lake (depth 18 m)
- Sekretnoye Lake
- Tambukan Lake (area 1.77 km2; depth 1.5 to 2 m), partially within Stavropol Krai.
Mountains
edit- Mount Elbrus (5,642 m), a volcanic mountain and the highest peak in Europe, Russia, and the Caucasus
Other major mountains include:
- Mount Dykhtau (5,402 m)
- Mount Koshtantau (5,151 m)
- Mount Shkhara (5,068 m)
- Pushkin Peak (5,033 m)
- Mount Mizhergi (5,025 m)
Natural resources
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2022) |
Kabardino-Balkaria's natural resources include molybdenum, tungsten, and coal.
Climate
editThe republic has a continental-type climate.
- Average January temperature: −12 °C (10 °F) (mountains) to −4 °C (25 °F) (plains)
- Average July temperature: +4 °C (39 °F) (mountains) to +23 °C (73 °F) (plains)
- Average annual precipitation: 500–2,000 mm.
History
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2022) |
It is known that modern-day Circassians also called Kassogs were inhabiting Kabardino Balkaria since at least the 6th century BCE, then known as Zichia.[14] On 1 July 1994 Kabardino-Balkaria became the second republic after Tatarstan to sign a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[15]
Politics
editThe head of government in Kabardino-Balkaria is the Head. The current Head is Kazbek Kokov.[16] The legislative body of the Republic is the Parliament comprising 72 deputies elected for a five-year term.[4][17]
The republic adopted a new constitution in 2001 which prevents the republic from existing independently of the Russian Federation.[18]
Administrative divisions
edit- Cities and towns under republic's jurisdiction
- Nalchik (Нальчик) (capital)
- Baksan (Баксан)
- Prokhladny (Прохладный)
- Districts:
- Baksansky (Баксанский)
- Chegemsky (Чегемский)
- Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
- Chegem (Чегем)
- Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
- Chereksky (Черекский)
- Elbrussky (Эльбрусский)
- Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
- Tyrnyauz (Тырныауз)
- Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
- Leskensky (Лескенский)
- Maysky (Майский)
- Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
- Maysky (Майский)
- Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
- Prokhladnensky (Прохладненский)
- Tersky (Терский)
- Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
- Terek (Терек)
- Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
- Urvansky (Урванский)
- Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
- Nartkala (Нарткала)
- Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
- Zolsky (Зольский)
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 230,923 | — |
| 1959 | 420,115 | +81.9% |
| 1970 | 588,203 | +40.0% |
| 1979 | 674,605 | +14.7% |
| 1989 | 759,586 | +12.6% |
| 2002 | 901,494 | +18.7% |
| 2010 | 859,939 | −4.6% |
| 2021 | 904,200 | +5.1% |
| Source: Census data | ||
Population: 904,200 (2021 Census);[13] 859,939 (2010 Census);[19] 901,494 (2002 Census);[20] 759,586 (1989 Soviet census).[21]
| 2019 | 2021 | |
|---|---|---|
| Average: | 76.5 years | 73.8 years |
| Male: | 72.6 years | 69.9 years |
| Female: | 79.9 years | 77.3 years |
Vital statistics
edit| Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 592 | 11,683 | 3,913 | 7,770 | 19.7 | 6.6 | 13.1 | |
| 1975 | 634 | 12,315 | 4,717 | 7,598 | 19.4 | 7.4 | 12.0 | |
| 1980 | 680 | 14,098 | 5,457 | 8,641 | 20.7 | 8.0 | 12.7 | |
| 1985 | 725 | 15,941 | 5,854 | 10,087 | 22.0 | 8.1 | 13.9 | |
| 1990 | 772 | 15,412 | 6,573 | 8,839 | 20.0 | 8.5 | 11.5 | 2.45 |
| 1991 | 788 | 14,952 | 6,995 | 7,957 | 19.0 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 2.35 |
| 1992 | 799 | 13,728 | 7,093 | 6,635 | 17.2 | 8.9 | 8.3 | 2.16 |
| 1993 | 807 | 11,781 | 7,864 | 3,917 | 14.6 | 9.7 | 4.9 | 1.86 |
| 1994 | 816 | 11,407 | 8,052 | 3,355 | 14.0 | 9.9 | 4.1 | 1.79 |
| 1995 | 828 | 10,844 | 8,236 | 2,608 | 13.1 | 9.9 | 3.2 | 1.67 |
| 1996 | 840 | 10,293 | 8,199 | 2,094 | 12.2 | 9.8 | 2.5 | 1.56 |
| 1997 | 853 | 10,016 | 7,985 | 2,031 | 11.7 | 9.4 | 2.4 | 1.47 |
| 1998 | 866 | 9,997 | 8,201 | 1,796 | 11.5 | 9.5 | 2.1 | 1.44 |
| 1999 | 875 | 9,221 | 8,292 | 929 | 10.5 | 9.5 | 1.1 | 1.30 |
| 2000 | 883 | 9,207 | 8,792 | 415 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 0.5 | 1.26 |
| 2001 | 891 | 8,892 | 8,778 | 114 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 0.1 | 1.19 |
| 2002 | 897 | 9,119 | 8,954 | 165 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 0.2 | 1.20 |
| 2003 | 896 | 9,294 | 9,202 | 92 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 0.1 | 1.20 |
| 2004 | 889 | 9,414 | 8,695 | 719 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 0.8 | 1.22 |
| 2005 | 882 | 8,991 | 9,034 | - 43 | 10.2 | 10.2 | -0.0 | 1.13 |
| 2006 | 875 | 9,308 | 8,764 | 544 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 0.6 | 1.16 |
| 2007 | 870 | 11,397 | 8,441 | 2,956 | 13.1 | 9.7 | 3.4 | 1.41 |
| 2008 | 866 | 12,052 | 8,095 | 3,957 | 13.9 | 9.3 | 4.6 | 1.49 |
| 2009 | 863 | 12,143 | 8,406 | 3,737 | 14.1 | 9.7 | 4.3 | 1.62 |
| 2010 | 860 | 12,576 | 8,080 | 4,496 | 14.6 | 9.4 | 5.2 | 1.66 |
| 2011 | 860 | 12,848 | 8,136 | 4,712 | 14.9 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 1.70 |
| 2012 | 859 | 13,786 | 7,709 | 6,077 | 16.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 1.83 |
| 2013 | 859 | 13,365 | 7,712 | 5,653 | 15.6 | 9.0 | 6.6 | 1.80 |
| 2014 | 860 | 13,397 | 7,571 | 5,826 | 15.6 | 8.8 | 6.8 | 1.83 |
| 2015 | 861 | 12,627 | 7,582 | 5,045 | 14.6 | 8.8 | 5.8 | 1.75 |
| 2016 | 863 | 12,191 | 7,386 | 4,805 | 14.1 | 8.5 | 5.6 | 1.72 |
| 2017 | 865 | 11,092 | 7,391 | 3,701 | 12.8 | 8.5 | 4.3 | 1.61 |
| 2018 | 865 | 10,881 | 7,044 | 3,837 | 12.5 | 8.1 | 4.4 | 1.61 |
| 2019 | 866 | 9,973 | 7,142 | 2,831 | 11.5 | 8.2 | 3.3 | 1.51 |
| 2020 | 10,604 | 8,624 | 1,980 | 12.2 | 9.9 | 2.3 | 1.64 | |
| 2021 | 10,462 | 9,436 | 1,026 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 1.2 | 1.67 | |
| 2022 | 10,049 | 8,010 | 2,039 | 11.5 | 9.2 | 2.3 | 1.51 | |
| 2023 | 9,941 | 6,827 | 3,114 | 11.0 | 7.5 | 3.5 | 1.53 |
Note: TFR 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 source.[26]
Ethnic groups
editKabardino-Balkaria includes two major ethnic communities, the Kabardins (Circassians), who speak a North-West Caucasian language, and the Balkars who speak a Turkic language. According to the 2021 Census,[27] Kabardins make up 57.1% of the republic's population, followed by Russians (19.8%) and Balkars (13.7%). Other groups include Cherkess (3.0%), Turks (1.9%), Ossetians (0.8%), Romani (0.5%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
| Ethnic group |
1926 Census1 | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | 2021 Census3 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Kabardin | 122,237 | 54.2% | 152,237 | 42.4% | 190,284 | 45.3% | 264,675 | 45.0% | 303,604 | 45.5% | 364,494 | 48.2% | 498,7022 | 55.3% | 490,453 | 57.2% | 502,615 | 57.1% |
| Balkars | 33,197 | 14.7% | 40,747 | 11.3% | 34,088 | 8.1% | 51,356 | 8.7% | 59,710 | 9.0% | 70,793 | 9.4% | 104,951 | 11.6% | 108,577 | 12.7% | 120,898 | 13.7% |
| Russians | 32,622 | 14.5% | 129,067 | 35.9% | 162,586 | 38.7% | 218,595 | 37.2% | 234,137 | 35.1% | 240,750 | 31.9% | 226,620 | 25.1% | 193,155 | 22.5% | 174,768 | 19.8% |
| Ossetians | 3,839 | 1.7% | 4,608 | 1.3% | 6,442 | 1.5% | 9,167 | 1.6% | 9,710 | 1.5% | 9,996 | 1.3% | 9,845 | 1.1% | 9,129 | 1.1% | 6,877 | 0.8% |
| Ukrainians | 24,723 | 11.0% | 11,142 | 3.1% | 8,400 | 2.0% | 10,620 | 1.8% | 12,139 | 1.8% | 12,826 | 1.7% | 7,592 | 0.8% | 4,800 | 0.6% | 1,461 | 0.2% |
| Cherkess | 8,803 | 3.9% | 21,328 | 5.9% | 18,315 | 4.4% | 33,790 | 5.7% | 47,246 | 7.1% | 614 | 0.1% | 725 | 0.1% | 2,475 | 0.3% | 26,544 | 3.0% |
| Others | 55,058 | 7.3% | 53,059 | 5.9% | 49,081 | 5.7% | 47,748 | 5.7% | ||||||||||
| 1 The results of the 1926 census refer to the present territory, which is a combination of the Kabardo-Balkarian AO and a part of the Terek district. The latter area was mainly inhabited by Russians and Ukrainians.[28]
2 In view of the results of the 1989 census and the 2010 census, the number of Kabardins in 2002 seems unlikely high. 3 23,289 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[29] | ||||||||||||||||||
Religion
editAccording to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people,[30] 70.8% of the population of Kabardino-Balkaria adhered to Islam, 11.6% to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3.8% were non-Orthodox Christians, and 1.8% followed Adyghe (Kabardian) folk religion and other indigenous faiths. In addition, 12% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious" and 5.6% was atheist or followed other religions, including Jehovah's Witnesses.[30]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Russian: Кабарди́но-Балка́рская Респу́блика, romanized: Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika; Kabardian: Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ, romanized: Ķêbêrdej-Baĺķêr Respublikê; Karachay-Balkar: Къабарты-Малкъар Республика, romanized: Qabartı-Malqar Respublika
References
edit- ^ Law #13-RZ
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Article 136
- ^ a b Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Article 91
- ^ Official website of the Head of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Biography Archived October 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Article 78
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ a b Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Article 76
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ "Head of Kabardino-Balkarian Republic reported to the President on the situation in Mount Elbrus region". President of Russia. September 2, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
- ^ "Russia's federal constituent entities". Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
- ^ Skutsch, Carl (November 7, 2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1.
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Kazhdan, A. P.; Talbot, A-M. M.; Cutler, A.; Gregory, T. E.; Ševčenko, N. P., eds. (1991). The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. OCLC 22733550.
- ^ Solnick, Steven (May 29, 1996). "Asymmetries in Russian Federation Bargaining" (PDF). The National Council for Soviet and East European Research: 12.
- ^ Путин опять увольняет губернаторов, а на их место назначает однофамильцев или бывших губернаторов. А-а-а! Как не запутаться? Вот шпаргалка. Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved September 26, 2018.
- ^ Constitution, Article 94.
- ^ Bell 2003, p. 78.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved June 28, 2022.
- ^ "Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении" [Life expectancy at birth]. Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia (in Russian). Archived from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Официальные статистические показатели" (in Russian).
- ^ "Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики". Archived from the original on March 24, 2013.
- ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
- ^ "население кабардино-балкарии".
- ^ "ВПН-2010". Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
Sources
edit- Bell, Imogen (2003). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2003. Europa Publications. ISBN 1-85743-191-X.
- Совет Республики Парламента Кабардино-Балкарской Республики. Закон №13-РЗ от 4 августа 1994 г. «О государственном гимне Кабардино-Балкарской Республики», в ред. Закона №13-РЗ от 13 апреля 2015 г «О внесении изменений в статьи 2 и 4 Закона Кабардино-Балкарской Республики "О государственном гимне Кабардино-Балкарской Республики"». Вступил в силу 18 августа 1994 г. Опубликован: "Кабардино-Балкарская правда", №148, 12 августа 1994 г. (Council of the Republic of the Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Law #13-RZ of August 4, 1994 On the State Anthem of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as amended by the Law #13-RZ of April 13, 2015 On Amending Articles 2 and 4 of the Law of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic "On the State Anthem of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic". Effective as of August 18, 1994.).
- Парламент Кабардино-Балкарской Республики. №28-РЗ 1 сентября 1997 г. «Конституция Кабардино-Балкарской Республики», в ред. Закона №40-РЗ от 19 октября 2015 г. «О поправках к Конституции Кабардино-Балкарской Республики». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кабардино-Балкарская правда", №177, 9 сентября 1997 г. (Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. #28-RZ September 1, 1997 Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as amended by the Law #40-RZ of October 19, 2015 On the Amendments to the Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
- Дударев, В. А.; Евсеева, Н. А. (1987). И. Каманина (ed.). СССР. Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик (in Russian). Moscow.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
editWikimedia Commons has media related to Kabardino-Balkaria.
- (in Russian) Official website of the Head of the Republic
- Pictures of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
- BBC News. Kabardino-Balkaria Profile