Kamata Kingdom

Sandhya, was a ruler of Kamarupanagara, the capital of the erstwhile Kamarupa.^[9] After withstanding an attack from Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak, in which Iuzbak was killed (in 1257), Sandhya moved his capital to Kamatapur, near present-day Cooch Behar town. Sandhya styled himself Kamateswara and the kingdom came to be known as Kamata.^[10]

• Sandhya (1228–1260)
• Sindhu Rai (1260–1285)
• Rup Narayan (1285–1300)
• Singhadhwaj (1300–1305)

Pratapdhvaj was a minister of Singhadhvaj when he usurped power. At his death, his cousin Dharmanarayan seized power. He was challenged by Pratapdhvaj's son Durlabhnarayan and they decided to settle. Durlabhnarayan assumed power Kamrup, Goalpara, Jalpaiguri, Koch Bihar, along with the capital Kamatapur, while Dharmanarayan retained Rangpur and Mymensingh.^[11][12] As part of the settlement in about 1330, Durlabhnarayan received from Dharmanarayan the custody of fourteen families of Brahmans and Kayasthas, one among whom was Candivara, the great-great-grandfather of Sankardev.^[13] The court poets of Durlabhnarayan (Hema Saraswati and Harivara Vipra) and Indranarayan produced literary works that are considered to be the first examples of Early Assamese.^[14]

• Pratapdhvaj (1305–1325)
• Dharma Narayan (1325–1330)
• Durlabh Narayan (1330–1350)
• Indra Narayan (1350–1365)

The invasion of Assam by Sikandar Shah (1357–1390) weakened Indranarayan. Though Shah had to retreat from central Assam because of an attack on Bengal by Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Indranarayana was sufficiently damaged that a Bhuyan from Darrang, Arimatta, was able to usurp power.^[15]

• Sasanka (Arimatta) (1365–1385)
• Gajanka (1385–1400)
• Sukranka (1400–1415)
• Mriganka Jungal Balahu (1415–1440)

The Khen dynasty,^[16] of Kheng-Bhutanese affiliation,^[17] replaced the weak rulers of Kamata kingdom following Arimatta in the middle of the 15th century. Niladhvaj Khen, the first king, united several Baro-Bhuyan chieftains of the area and removed the last of Arimatta's successors—Mriganka. There were only three Khen rulers.

• Niladhwaj (1440–1460)
• Chakradhwaj (1460–1480)
• Nilambar (1480–1498)

The last king, Nilambar expanded the kingdom to include the present Koch Bihar districts of West Bengal and the undivided Kamrup and Darrang districts of Assam and northern Mymensingh in Bangladesh as well as eastern parts of Dinajpur district, though he was removed by Alauddin Husain Shah in 1498.

Alauddin Hussain Shah, a Sultan of Bengal, removed the last Khen ruler in 1498.^[18] This followed a long siege that likely started in 1493 soon after Alauddin's ascension and ended in a treacherous win with 24,000 infantry, cavalry and a war flotilla.^[19] Alauddin destroyed the city and eventually annexed the region up to Hajo by 1502,^[20] removed the local chieftains, and established military control over the region.^[21] He established his son Shahzada Danyal as an administrator and issued coins in his own name as the "conqueror of Kamru and Kamata ...".^[22] This rule was short since the Baro-Bhuyans rose up in revolt soon after and exterminated Sultanate rule.^[6]

• Shahzada Danyal (c1498-c1509)

Nevertheless, the Muslim rule had lasting effects. Hussein Shah's coins continued to be used till 1518, when the Koch dynasty began consolidating their rule. Ghiasuddin Aulia, a Muslim divine figure from Mecca, established a colony at Hajo. His tomb, which is said to contain a little soil from Mecca, now called "Poa Mecca" ("a quarter Mecca"), is frequented by Hindus and Muslims alike.^[23]

Alauddin Hussain Shah's representative in Kamata, his son Shahzada Danyal and his officers, was seized and killed by the Baro-Bhuyans of the region and the region lapsed into their confederated style of governance till the Koches took over.^[7] Though it is not known when the Baro-Bhuyan rule began, historians estimate that Biswa Singha's campaign against the Baro-Bhuyans began in about 1509.^[24]

• Biswa Singha (1515–1540)
• Nara Narayan (1540–1587)

The Kamata kingdom then passed into the hands of the Koch dynasty, with Biswa Singha consolidating his control over the Bara-Bhuyans one after another and establishing the Koch dynasty with its dominion from the Karatoya river in the west to the Barnadi river in the east.^[25] In the 1581 Raghudev, the son of Chilarai and the nephew of Nara Narayan, affected a split in the kingdom^[26]—Koch Hajo and Koch Bihar.^[27] Though Raghudev had accepted the suzerainty of his uncle,^[26] the two parts of the original Kamata kingdom split for good in 1587 when Naranarayan died,^[28] the boundary between them forming roughly the administrative boundary between the present-day Assam and West Bengal.

Koch Hajo, the eastern kingdom, soon came under attack from the Mughal, and the region went back and forth for between the Mughal and the Ahoms, finally settling with the Ahoms. Koch Bihar, the western kingdom, first befriended the Mughals and then the British, and the rulers maintained the princely state till the end of the British rule.

Yuvaraj: Biswa Singha appointed his brother Sisu as the Yuvaraj. The descendant of Sisu became the Raikat kings of Jalpaiguri.
Karjis/Karzis: Biswa Singha appointed twelve minister from his tribesman to form a Karjee, this position was hereditary. Two important Karjee and Yuvaraj form a cabinet.
Senapati: Commander of a standing army.

Paik: Individual male
Thakuria: in charge of over 20 paiks.
Saikia: in charge of over 100 paiks.
Hazari: in charge of over 1000 paiks.
Omra: in charge of over 3000 paiks.
Nawab: in charge of over 66,000 paiks.

• Koch–Ahom conflicts