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Jean-Pierre Papin

Jean-Pierre Roger Guillaume Papin (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃pjɛʁ papɛ̃]; born 5 November 1963) is a French football manager and former professional player who played as a forward, who is currently the head coach of Championnat National 3 club Marseille B. He won the Ballon d'Or in 1991.

Jean-Pierre Papin
Papin during a charity match in 2016
Personal information
Full name Jean-Pierre Roger Guillaume Papin
Date of birth (1963-11-05) 5 November 1963 (age 61)
Place of birth Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
Height 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Position(s) Striker
Team information
Current team
 Marseille B (head coach)
Youth career
1969–1978 Jeumont
1978–1980 Trith-Saint-Léger
1980–1981 Valenciennes
1981–1984 INF Vichy
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
1981–1984 INF Vichy 49 (13)
1984–1985 Valenciennes 33 (15)
1985–1986 Club Brugge 33 (21)
1986–1992 Marseille 214 (134)
1992–1994 AC Milan 40 (18)
1994–1996 Bayern Munich 27 (3)
1996–1998 Bordeaux 55 (22)
1998–1999 Guingamp 10 (3)
1999–2001 JS Saint-Pierroise 27 (13)
2001–2004 US Lège-Cap-Ferret 57 (24)
Total 545 (266)
International career
1985–1986 France U21 4 (3)
1986–1995 France 54 (30)
Managerial career
2004–2006 Arcachon
2006–2007 Strasbourg
2007–2008 Lens
2009–2010 Châteauroux
2014–2015 Bassin d'Arcachon
2020–2022 C'Chartres
2023– Marseille B
Medal record
Men's football
Representing  France
FIFA World Cup
Third place 1986
*Club domestic league appearances and goals

He was included in the FIFA 100, a list of the greatest living footballers, published in 2004 for the centenary of the FIFA, signed by Pelé. He was named one of the best European footballers on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the UEFA in 2004. He is famous in particular for his first-time strikes from distance, his overhead kicks, and his volleys, which are known as Papinades. The nickname of JPP was given to him by supporters and journalists.

Trained at Jeumont, he signed his first professional contract in 1984 at Valenciennes. Recruited by Brugge, he had an excellent season, winning the Belgian Cup and being selected for the French team for the 1986 FIFA World Cup. Recruited by Marseille, he experienced the peak of his career and won Ligue 1 titles with Marseille in 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992, the Coupe de France in 1989 and reached the final of the UEFA Champions League in 1991. In 1992, he was transferred the highest in the history of football, when he left Olympique de Marseille for AC Milan with whom he won Serie A in 1994 and the UEFA Champions League. He joined Bayern Munich,where he won the UEFA Cup Europa League in 1996. He returned to France, to Bordeaux, where he was a finalist in the Coupe de la ligue in 1997 and 1998 and then ended his professional career at Guingamp.

Capped 54 times, and captain 11 times, Papin played in the French team which reached the 1986 World Cup Semi final. France failed to qualify for either the 1988 European Championships or the 1990 World Cup but he was part of the team for Euro 1992. Injuries and the emergence of the Zinedine Zidane generation saw his international career come to an end in the mid-1990s. He was out of favour by Euro'96 nor was he part of the set up which won the World Cup in 1998.

In 1996, after their eight-month-old daughter was shown to have serious cerebral lesions, Jean-Pierre and his wife set up an association "Neuf de Coeur" (Nine of Hearts; Papin's shirt number was 9) to help others in that situation and, particularly, to find and apply methods to mentally and physically educate such children.

Early life

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Jean-Pierre Roger Guillaume Papin[1] was born on 5 November 1963 in Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais,[2] the son of professional footballer Guy Papin.[3] After his parents divorced, he moved to live with his grandmother in Germont, a French city located near the Belgian border.[3]

Club career

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Valenciennes

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At age 15, Papin started his professional career with Valenciennes, in Northern France, before moving to Club Brugge in Belgium.[4]

Brugge

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Papin had a very successful first season at Club Brugge, scoring 32 goals in 43 games. Although he only played one season for Club Brugge, he was elected as its greatest ever foreign player by the supporters in 2008.[5]

Marseille

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During Papin's hugely successful spell at Marseille, with the Frenchman as striker and skipper Marseille won four French league championships in a row (1989–1992), a league and cup double in 1989 and reached the final of the European Cup in 1991, losing to Red Star Belgrade on penalties.[6]

During this period, Papin scored 181 goals in 279 games[7] and was the league's top scorer for five consecutive seasons (from 1988 to 1992). While at Marseille he won the Ballon d'Or, awarded to Europe's top footballer, in 1991.[8]

AC Milan

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In July 1992, Papin joined Italian giants AC Milan for a world record fee of £10 million,[9] and was the first high-profile French player to join the Italian league since Michel Platini. However, he never established himself as a regular first team member with the rossoneri due to injuries and adaptation problems. As a foreign player in the Pre-Bosman rule era, Papin also suffered from the three-foreigner rule that made him compete for playing time with other foreign players.[clarification needed][citation needed]

He entered as a substitute during the 1993 Champions League final in which Milan lost to his former club, Marseille. He won the Champions League in the next year, but did not play in the final.[7] Nevertheless, Papin has kept good memories of his spell in Italy and frequently cites former Milan managers Fabio Capello[10] and Arrigo Sacchi as his models when coaching is concerned.[citation needed]

Bayern Munich

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In 1994, he was transferred to Bayern Munich for £2.1 million,[11] but his first season was once again plagued by injuries. In his second season in Germany he was part of the side that won the UEFA Cup against Bordeaux, a club that Papin would join the following season.[citation needed] He was twice linked with clubs in England later in his playing career. First, in March 1994, he was a transfer target for Premier League side Tottenham Hotspur.[12] Towards the end of his spell with Bordeaux in 1998, he was a target for ambitious Fulham, then a Division Two (third tier) side, and even expressed his desire to sign for the club. However, neither transfer ever happened and Papin finished his career without having spent any time in England.[13]

Bordeaux

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With Bordeaux, he lost the 1997 Coupe de la Ligue final against Strasbourg and lost the 1998 Coupe de la Ligue final.

Guingamp

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Papin's professional career ended in 1998 with Second Division side Guingamp.[14]

Later career

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Papin finished his career as a player in the amateur club US Cap-Ferret between 2001 and 2004. Then, after five years of managing, he played in another amateur club, AS Facture-Biganos Boïen.[15]

International career

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Papin playing for France at the 1986 World Cup

Papin was selected for the first time in the French team during the Toulon Tournament in 1985 in Marseille with the number 14, alongside Pascal Baills, Stéphane Paille, Gérald Passi, Franck Sauzée, Vincent Cobos and Jean-Christophe Thomas. The France team won the Toulon Tournament and successively defeated Spain (Jon Andoni Goikoetxea), Romania (Gheorghe Popescu), Ivory Coast (Joël Tiéhi) and England (Martin Allen). Papin finished as the tournament's top scorer and it was during the match against Spain that Papin scored his first official goal at the Stade Vélodrome.

Papin earned his first cap in a friendly match against Northern Ireland in February 1986[16] and appeared at the 1986 World Cup. He scored twice in four games: first during France opening game against Canada (1–0) and then during France's victory against Belgium (4–2), helping France finish third.[17]

He did not appear at the 1990 World Cup because France failed to qualify, but during the qualifying campaign for UEFA Euro 1992 he finished second top scorer in the Qualifiers of the 1992 European Football Championship with nine goals behind Darko Pančev and the France team is the only one to win all its playoff matches, a first in Europe and this in a very strong group with two quarter-finalists of the previous World Cup, Spain and Czechoslovakia. Papin who suffers from the aftermath of an ankle injury cannot prevent France from failing in the first round, despite scoring two goals in three games[18]

The French football team, trained by Gérard Houllier, played in the 1994 World Cup qualifiers but got off to a bad start (2–0 defeat in Bulgaria), but a series of 6 wins against Austria (twice), Finland (twice), Sweden and Israel put them back at the top of the group and in a very favorable position for qualification with three rounds to go. The french team, undermined by internal quarrels (Marseille-Paris rivalry), however collapsed in the final sprint by conceding a draw in Sweden (1–1 on a defensive error three minutes from the end) and during the two last games played at home, where they only had to beat Israel or not lose against Bulgaria, to score the ticket for the United States. The Blues lost against the weakest team in the group, Israel (2–3 on a goal by Atar 30 seconds from the end of the match), then against Bulgaria (1–2 on a goal by Emil Kostadinov two seconds the end of regulation time), this goal depriving France of participation in the World Cup. The two qualifiers of this group 6, Sweden and Bulgaria, would reach the semi-finals of the World Cup in July 1994.

Papin initially said goodbye to the Blues of which he was the captain after the elimination in qualifying for the 1994 World Cup, before being convinced by Aimé Jacquet to return. He scored his last goal in selection at Trebizond in Turkey (match relocated because of troubles in Azerbaijan) against Azerbaijan (2–0) at the end of 1994. Papin played his last international match against the Netherlands in January 1995, before injuries and the emergence of the Zinédine Zidane generation permanently removed him from the selection.

Style of play

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Papin has been described as "a fast and lethal striker, who made goal scoring his signature for club and country"[19] and a player who could score in a variety of situation, "from neat, chipped finishes, low drives into the corner, towering headers and, in particular, thumping volleys."[3]

During his career, the term Papinade was used to describe powerful volleys from difficult angles.[10]

Managerial career

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Papin as Strasbourg manager in 2006

In May 2006, Papin took over from Jacky Duguépéroux as the new coach of Strasbourg, who were relegated to the Second Division. He had previously been coaching Arcachon, an amateur team, and helped them to be promoted from CFA 2 to CFA.[citation needed]

In 2006–07, he guided Strasbourg back to Ligue 1 with a third-placed finish but came under pressure shortly after the end of the season when internal conflicts at the club surfaced in the press. Several players, including '05 league cup final hero Jean-Christophe Devaux, also openly criticized Papin's methods.[citation needed]

Initially confirmed as manager for the 2007–08 season, he was forced to resign a week later after it was revealed that he had interviewed for the vacant managerial job at Lens only hours after his confirmation at Strasbourg. He was replaced by Jean-Marc Furlan, former manager of Troyes, while Lens selected Guy Roux as their new manager. Ironically, Papin eventually became the manager of Lens after the club lost at Strasbourg,[20] as Roux resigned only five games into the 2007–08 season. In the midst of the season, Lens and Papin were fighting to avoid relegation to the Second Division. Lens was also eliminated in the first round of both the UEFA cup and the Coupe de France by, respectively, FC Copenhagen (1–1; 1–2) and Second Division side Chamois Niortais (0–1, at home).[citation needed]

On 29 December 2009, Châteauroux hired the coach[21] to replace Dominique Bijotat. He left his position in May 2010 and was replaced by Didier Tholot.[22]

For the 2014–15 season, Papin once again took the managerial position at FC Bassin d'Archachon in Championnat de France Amateur 2.[23][24]

On 2 June 2020, Papin was announced as the new manager of Championnat National 2 side C'Chartres.[25]

He left his position in October 2022 to go back to Marseille as a technical advisor.

Outside football

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Papin (left) with sport fisherman Guillaume Fourrier in 2009

Papin was also iconic in French pop culture because of his caricature in the satirical TV puppet show Les Guignols de l'Info. At first, Papin was depicted as a rather dumb football player (a common stereotype in France), his only obsession being the many different ways to score goals. When Papin experienced difficulties in Italy, the coverage became more sympathetic, especially with the infamous Reviens JPP![26] song where even God Himself would urge Papin to come back to his home country, because "France needs you!".[citation needed]

After his daughter, Emily, was diagnosed with cerebral palsy as an infant, Papin started running the Neuf de cœur (Nine of Hearts) foundation, which provides support to families affected by the neurological disorder.[3]

Since 2011, he has participated in the Amélie evenings, organized by Amélie Mauresmo for the benefit of the Institut Curie on the theme play with the artists which happens at each opening of the Open GDF Suez at the Stade Pierre de Coubertin in Paris.

Since 2013, he has been with Youri Djorkaeff, Sylvain Wiltord and Valdo Filho, one of the ambassadors of Footgolf.[27]

Career statistics

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Club

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Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club Season League National cup[a] League cup[b] Europe Other Total
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
INF Vichy 1981–82 Division 3 17 3 0 0 — — — 17 3
1982–83 Division 3 3 0 1 0 — — — 4 0
1983–84 Division 3 29 10 0 0 — — — 29 10
Total 49 13 1 0 — — — 50 13
Valenciennes 1984–85[28][29] Division 2 33 15 2 2 0 0 — — 35 17
Club Brugge 1985–86[28][29] Belgian First Division 33 21 8 7 — 4[c] 5 — 45 33
Marseille 1986–87[28][29] Division 1 33 13 7 1 4 2 — — 44 16
1987–88[28][29] Division 1 37 19 1 0 0 0 8[d] 4 — 46 23
1988–89[28][29] Division 1 35 22 10 11 0 0 — — 46 33
1989–90[28][29] Division 1 36 30 4 2 0 0 8[e] 6 — 48 38
1990–91[28][29] Division 1 36 23 5 7 0 0 9[e] 6 — 50 36
1991–92[28][29] Division 1 37 27 4 4 0 0 4[e] 7 — 45 38
Total 214 134 31 25 4 2 29 23 — 278 184
AC Milan 1992–93[28][29] Serie A 22 13 4 4 — 7[f] 3 1[g] 0 34 20
1993–94[28][29] Serie A 18 5 2 0 — 6[f] 4 3[h] 2 29 11
Total 40 18 6 4 — 13 7 4 2 63 31
Bayern Munich 1994–95[28][29] Bundesliga 7 1 1 0 — 3[f] 2 1[i] 0 12 3
1995–96[28][29] Bundesliga 20 2 2 0 — 6[c] 1 — 28 3
Total 27 3 3 0 — 9 3 1 0 40 6
Bordeaux 1996–97[28][29] Division 1 32 16 2 0 4 0 — — 38 16
1997–98[28][29] Division 1 23 6 2 3 5 5 2[c] 0 — 32 14
Total 55 22 4 3 9 5 2 0 — 70 30
Guingamp 1998–99[28][29] Division 2 10 3 0 0 0 0 — — 10 3
JS Saint-Pierroise 1999–00 Division d'Honneur 12 4 — — — — 12 4
2000–01 Division d'Honneur 15 9 — — — — 15 9
Total 27 13 — — — — 27 13
US Lège-Cap-Ferret 2001–02 CFA 2 24 8 0 0 — — — 24 8
2002–03 CFA 2 17 7 2 0 — — — 19 7
2003–04 CFA 2 16 9 2 2 — — — 18 11
Total 57 24 4 2 — — — 61 26
Career total 545 266 59 43 13 7 57 38 5 2 679 356
  1. ^ Includes Belgian Cup, Coupe de France, Coppa Italia, DFB-Pokal
  2. ^ Includes Coupe de la Ligue
  3. ^ a b c Appearances in UEFA Cup
  4. ^ Appearances in European Cup Winners' Cup
  5. ^ a b c Appearances in European Cup
  6. ^ a b c Appearances in UEFA Champions League
  7. ^ Appearance in Supercoppa Italiana
  8. ^ Two appearances and one goal in UEFA Super Cup, one appearance and one goal in Intercontinental Cup
  9. ^ Appearance in DFL-Supercup

International

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Appearances and goals by national team and year[30]
National team Year Apps Goals
France 1986 8 2
1987 3 0
1988 6 1
1989 5 3
1990 5 4
1991 5 7
1992 10 7
1993 7 3
1994 4 3
1995 1 0
Total 54 30
Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Papin goal.
List of international goals scored by Jean-Pierre Papin[30]
No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
1 1 June 1986 Estadio León, León, Mexico   Canada 1–0 1–0 1986 FIFA World Cup
2 28 June 1986 Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Puebla, Mexico   Belgium 2–1 4–2 (a.e.t.) 1986 FIFA World Cup
3 28 September 1988 Parc des Princes, Paris, France   Norway 1–0 1–0 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification
4 16 August 1989 Malmö Stadion, Malmö, Sweden   Sweden 2–1 4–2 Friendly
5 3–2
6 5 September 1989 Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway   Norway 1–0 1–1 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification
7 28 February 1990 Stade de la Mosson, Montpellier, France   West Germany 1–1 2–1 Friendly
8 5 September 1990 Laugardalsvöllur, Reykjavík, Iceland   Iceland 1–0 2–1 UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying
9 13 October 1990 Parc des Princes, Paris, France   Czechoslovakia 1–0 2–1 UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying
10 2–0
11 20 February 1991 Parc des Princes, Paris, France   Spain 2–1 3–1 UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying
12 30 March 1991 Parc des Princes, Paris, France   Albania 3–0 5–0 UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying
12 4–0
14 14 August 1991 Stadion Miejski, Poznań, Poland   Poland 2–1 5–1 Friendly
15 4 September 1991 Tehelné Pole Stadium, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia   Czechoslovakia 1–1 2–1 UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying
16 2–1
17 12 October 1991 Estadio Benito Villamarín, Seville, Spain   Spain 2–0 2–1 UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying
18 25 March 1992 Parc des Princes, Paris, France   Belgium 1–1 3–3 Friendly
19 3–3
20 5 June 1992 Stade Félix Bollaert, Lens, France   Netherlands 1–0 1–1 Friendly
21 10 June 1992 Råsunda Stadium, Solna, Sweden   Sweden 1–1 1–1 UEFA Euro 1992
22 17 June 1992 Malmö Stadion, Malmö, Sweden   Denmark 1–1 1–2 UEFA Euro 1992
23 14 October 1992 Parc des Princes, Paris, France   Austria 1–0 2–0 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification
24 14 November 1992 Parc des Princes, Paris, France   Finland 1–0 2–1 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification
25 27 March 1993 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna, Austria   Austria 1–0 1–0 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification
26 28 July 1993 Stade Michel d'Ornano, Caen, France   Russia 3–1 3–1 Friendly
27 8 September 1993 Ratina Stadion, Tampere, Estland   Finland 2–0 2–0 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification
28 22 March 1994 Stade de Gerland, Lyon, France   Chile 1–0 3–1 Friendly
29 29 May 1994 National Stadium, Tokyo, Japan   Japan 2–0 4–1 1994 Kirin Cup
30 13 December 1994 Hüseyin Avni Aker Stadium, Trabzon, Turkey   Azerbaijan 1–0 2–0 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying

Honours

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INF Vichy

Club Brugge

Marseille[31]

AC Milan[31]

Bayern Munich[31]

Bordeaux

France U21[31]

France[31]

Individual

Orders

References

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  1. ^ "SCI Laura (33120)". Figaro Emploi (in French). 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
    "Jean-Pierre-Roger Papin". Verif (in French). Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  2. ^ "Jean-Pierre Papin". L'Équipe (in French). Paris. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d "From Ligue 1 to superstardom: Jean-Pierre Papin - the Nine of Hearts". Goal. 12 February 2017.
  4. ^ Parrish, Charles; Nauright, John (2014). Soccer around the world: a cultural guide to the World's favourite sport. ABC-CLIO. p. 112. ISBN 9781610693035.
  5. ^ Scholten, Berend (11 March 2015). "Ten claims to fame". uefa.com. UEFA.
  6. ^ "Crvena zvezda-Marseille". UEFA.com. UEFA. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Football: Papin announces end to glittering career". The Independent. 18 November 1998.
  8. ^ Greatest Ever Footballers. Hachette UK. 2014. p. 2006. ISBN 9781472227058.
  9. ^ "Jean-Pierre Papin, football's first £10 million pound player". The Sporting Blog. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  10. ^ a b "Papin: a new dimension". FIFA. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019.
  11. ^ Winter, Henry (14 April 1994). "Football: Papin joins Bayern". The Independent.
  12. ^ Haylett, Trevor (25 March 1994). "Football: Peacock goes but Francis stays: Mixed day at Queen's Park Rangers while Limpar joins Everton and Beagrie hops to City". The Independent. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  13. ^ "PAPIN: I'D LOVE TO JOIN FULHAM". thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  14. ^ Rowhan, Patrick (8 May 2019). "How Jean-Pierre Papin became one of the greatest goalscorers in French football history". These Football Times. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  15. ^ "Jean-Pierre Papin de retour sur les terrains... de 10e division". Le Monde (in French). 5 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  16. ^ "French soccer player Jean-Pierre Papin during his first cap match with the France national team. France vs Northern Ireland (0-0)". Getty Images. 26 February 1986.
  17. ^ Dunmore, Tom (2011). Historical Dictionary of Soccer. Scarecrow Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780810871885.
  18. ^ Steinberg, Jacob; Murray, Scott (13 October 2015). "England qualify for Euros with 100% record – what happened to the first five who did it?". The Guardian.
  19. ^ Witzig, Richard (2006). The Global Art of Soccer. CusiBoy Publishing. p. 187. ISBN 9780977668809.
  20. ^ "Strasbourg 2-1 Lens" (in French). lequipe.fr. 25 August 2007. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  21. ^ "Papin nommé entraîneur" (in French). Lequipe.fr. 29 December 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  22. ^ "Après son départ du FC Sion, Didier Tholot trouve déjà de l'embauche. Il signe 2 ans à Châteauroux". tsr.ch. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  23. ^ Leshauriès, Yoan (23 August 2014). "Entraîneur à Arcachon, Jean-Pierre Papin retrouve ses racines" (in French). Sud Ouest.
  24. ^ "Historique" (in French). FC Bassin d'Arcachon Official Site. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  25. ^ "National 2. Jean-Pierre Papin nouvel entraîneur de C'Chartres !" (in French). footamateur.fr. 2 June 2020.
  26. ^ "Le sketch des Guignols 'Reviens, JPP, reviens !'" (in French). dailymotion.com. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  27. ^ fr/AFFG ambassadors: Ambassadors(footgolf-france.fr)
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Jean-Pierre Papin » Club matches". worldfootball.net. 16 October 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Jean-Pierre Papin at National-Football-Teams.com
  30. ^ a b "Football PLAYER: Jean-Pierre Papin". eu-football.info.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g "HOW JEAN-PIERRE PAPIN BECAME ONE OF THE GREATEST GOALSCORERS IN FRENCH FOOTBALL HISTORY". These Football Times. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  32. ^ "IFFHS Awards 1991". IFFHS. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  33. ^ "August 1995 - Papin" (in German). Sportschau. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  34. ^ FIFA XI´s Matches - Full Info Archived 17 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ "Skoblar dernier joueur de la dream team des 110 ans". OM.net (Olympique de Marseille). 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  36. ^ "France - Topscorers". RSSSF. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  37. ^ "Décret du 13 juillet 2005 portant promotion et nomination" [Decree of 13 July 2005 on promotion and nomination]. Official Journal of the French Republic (in French). 2005 (163). 14 July 2005. PREX0508597D. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
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