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Hermine Braunsteiner

Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan (July 16, 1919 – April 19, 1999) was a Nazi Austrian SS Helferin and female camp guard at Ravensbrück and Majdanek concentration camps, and the first Nazi war criminal to be extradited from the United States to face trial in West Germany.[1][2] Braunsteiner was known to prisoners of Majdanek concentration camp as the "Stomping Mare" and was said to have beaten prisoners to death, thrown children by their hair onto trucks that took them to be murdered in gas chambers, hanged young prisoners and stomped an old prisoner to death with her jackboots.[3][4][5]

Hermine Braunsteiner
Braunsteiner during her time in the SS
Born(1919-07-16)July 16, 1919
Vienna, Republic of German-Austria
DiedApril 19, 1999(1999-04-19) (aged 79)
Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Other namesMare of Majdanek
(Stute von Majdanek)
Criminal statusDeceased
SpouseRussel Ryan
MotiveNazism
Conviction(s)Austria
Crimes against humanity
West Germany
Murder (1080 counts)
Accessory to murder (102 counts)
TrialMajdanek trials
Criminal penaltyAustria
3 years imprisonment
West Germany
Life imprisonment
SS career
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Schutzstaffel
Years of service1939–1945
RankSS Helferin
AwardsKriegsverdienstkreuz 2. Klasse, 1943
Other workHotel and restaurant worker
Housewife

Braunsteiner was convicted for her complicity and collaborating in murders of over 1,000 people during the Holocaust. She was sentenced to life imprisonment by the District Court of Düsseldorf on April 30, 1981. She was released on health grounds in 1996, and died three years later.[6]

Life

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Braunsteiner was born in Vienna, the youngest child in a strictly observant Roman Catholic working class family. Her father, Friedrich Braunsteiner, was a chauffeur for a brewery and/or a butcher. Hermine lacked the means to fulfil her aspiration to become a nurse, and worked as a maid. From 1937 to 1938, she worked in England for an American engineer's household.[2][3][4][5]

In 1938, Braunsteiner became a German citizen after the Anschluss. She returned to Vienna from England and the same year relocated to Germany for a job at the Heinkel aircraft works in Berlin.[2][4]

Camp guard at Ravensbrück

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At the urging of her landlord, a German policeman, Braunsteiner applied for a better paying job supervising prisoners, quadrupling her income in time. She began her training on August 15, 1939, as an Aufseherin under Maria Mandel at Ravensbrück concentration camp. She remained there after the start of World War II, and the influx of new prisoners from occupied countries.[1][2][7] After three years, a disagreement with Mandel led Braunsteiner to request a transfer in October 1942.[2]

Majdanek and Alter Flughafen

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Aerial photo of the Majdanek concentration camp from the collections of the Majdanek Museum

On October 16, 1942, Braunsteiner assumed her duties in the forced-labor apparel factory near the Majdanek concentration camp, established near Lublin, Poland, a year earlier. It was both a labour camp (Arbeitslager) and an extermination camp (Vernichtungslager) with gas chambers and crematoria.[1] She was promoted to assistant wardress in January 1943,[1] under Oberaufseherin Elsa Ehrich along with five other camp guards.[8] By then most of the Aufseherinnen had been moved into Majdanek from the Alter Flughafen labor camp.

Braunsteiner had a number of roles in the camp. She involved herself in "selections" of women and children to be sent to the gas chambers and whipped several women to death. Working alongside other female guards such as Elsa Ehrich, Hildegard Lächert, Marta Ulrich, Alice Orlowski, Charlotte Karla Mayer-Woellert, Erna Wallisch and Elisabeth Knoblich, Braunsteiner became known for her wild rages and tantrums. According to one witness at her later trial in Düsseldorf, she "seized children by their hair and threw them on trucks heading to the gas chambers".[9] Other survivors testified how she killed women by stomping on them with her steel-studded jackboots, earning her the nickname "The Stomping Mare" (In Polish "Kobyła", in German "Stute von Majdanek").[1][2][10] For her work, she received the War Merit Cross, 2nd class, in 1943.[1][11]

Ravensbrück again and the Genthin Subcamp

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In January 1944, Braunsteiner was ordered back to Ravensbrück as Majdanek began evacuations due to the approaching front line. She was promoted to supervising wardress at the Genthin subcamp of Ravensbrück, located outside Berlin.[1] Witnesses say that she abused many of the prisoners with a horsewhip she carried, killing at least two women with it.[12] A French physician, who was interned at Genthin recalled the sadism of Braunsteiner while she ruled the camp: "I watched her administer twenty-five lashes with a riding crop to a young Russian girl suspected of having tried sabotage. Her back was full of lashes, but I was not allowed to treat her immediately."[13]

Post-war Austria

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On May 7, 1945, Braunsteiner fled the camp ahead of the Soviet Red Army. She then returned to Vienna,[1] but soon left. On May 6, 1946, Austrian police arrested Braunsteiner and turned her over to the British military occupation authorities. She was held in various internment camps until April 18, 1947. Braunsteiner was re-arrested by Austrian officials on April 7, 1948.

On November 22, 1949, the Austrian People's Court in Graz convicted Braunsteiner of crimes against human dignity for non-fatal abuse in Ravensbrück, but acquitted of her crimes in Majdanek, including murder, due to a lack of witnesses. Braunsteiner was sentenced to three years in prison and had her property confiscated. With credit for time served, she was released from prison in April 1950. Braunsteiner was told that she would not face further prosecution, and was later granted partial amnesty in 1957.[1][3][5][14][15] She worked at low-level jobs in hotels and restaurants until emigrating.[2][16]

Emigration and marriage

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Russell Ryan, an American, met her whilst working as a US Air Force mechanic stationed in Germany.[17] They married in October 1958, after they had emigrated to Nova Scotia, Canada.[18] She entered the United States in April 1959, becoming a United States citizen on January 19, 1963. They lived in Maspeth, Queens, New York City, where she was known as a fastidious housewife with a friendly manner, married to a construction worker.[3][4]

Discovery

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Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal picked up on her trail by chance on a visit to Tel Aviv. He was at a restaurant there when he received a call from his friend that he could not make it to their luncheon. The maître d'hôtel announced the "phone call for Mr. Wiesenthal" and this led to his recognition by the other patrons, who stood up to applaud him. When he returned to his table, there were several Majdanek survivors waiting who told him about Braunsteiner and what she had done. Based on this information he followed her trail from Vienna to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and then, via Toronto, to Queens.[3][18][19] In 1964, Wiesenthal alerted The New York Times that Braunsteiner might have married a man named Ryan and might live in the Maspeth area of the Borough of Queens in New York City. They assigned Joseph Lelyveld, then a young reporter, to find "Mrs. Ryan."[20] They first lived at 54–44 82nd Street in western Elmhurst and moved to 52–11 72nd Street in Maspeth.[14] He found her at the second doorbell he rang and later wrote that she greeted him at her front doorstep and said: "My God, I knew this would happen. You've come."[21]

Braunsteiner stated that she had been at Majdanek only a year, eight months of that time in the camp infirmary. "My wife, sir, wouldn't hurt a fly" said Ryan. "There's no more decent person on this earth. She told me this was a duty she had to perform. It was a conscriptive service."[14] On August 22, 1968, United States authorities sought to revoke Braunsteiner's citizenship, since she had failed to disclose her convictions for war crimes; she was denaturalized in 1971 after entering into a consent judgment to avoid deportation. In 1972, vigilantes firebombed a home where they mistakenly thought Braunsteiner was living.[2][3][22]

Extradition

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A prosecutor in Düsseldorf began investigating Braunsteiner's wartime behavior, and in 1973 the West German government requested her extradition, accusing her of joint responsibility in the death of 200,000 people. On March 22, 1973, Braunsteiner was taken into custody as she awaited deportation. She was held at Rikers Island, then at the Nassau County Jail.[1][2][23][24][25]

The United States court denied procedural claims that her denaturalization had been invalid (U.S. citizens could not be extradited to West Germany), and that the charges alleged political offenses committed by a non-German outside West Germany. Later, it rejected claims of lack of probable cause and double jeopardy.[2] During the next year, she sat with her husband in United States district court in Queens, hearing survivors' testimony against the former Schutzstaffel (SS) guard. They described whippings and fatal beatings. Rachel Berger, alone among the witnesses, testified she would celebrate retribution against the former vice-commandant of the women's camp at Majdanek.[26]

The judge certified her extradition to the Secretary of State on May 1, 1973,[27] and on August 7, 1973, Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan became the first Nazi war criminal extradited from the United States to West Germany.[2]

Trial in West Germany

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Further information: Majdanek Trials

Ryan was remanded into custody in Düsseldorf on August 7, 1973, until her husband posted bail on April 7, 1976.[16] However, she returned to custody on December 8, 1977, after attempting to intimidate witnesses, and remained there until January 9, 1978. The West German court rejected Ryan's arguments that it lacked jurisdiction, because she was not a German national but Austrian, and that the alleged offences had occurred outside Germany. It ruled she had been a German citizen at the time and more importantly had been a German government official acting in the name of the German Reich.[1][2]

She stood trial in West Germany with 15 other former SS men and women from Majdanek.[28] One of the witnesses against Hermine testified that she "seized children by their hair and threw them on trucks heading to the gas chambers." Others spoke of vicious beatings. One witness told of Hermine and the steel-studded jackboots with which she dealt blows to inmates.[4][29]

The third Majdanek trial (Majdanek-Prozess in German) was held in Düsseldorf. Beginning on November 26, 1975, and lasting 474 sessions, it was the longest and most expensive trial in West Germany. The defendants included Ryan, former SS guard Hermann Hackmann and camp doctor Heinrich Schmidt. The court found insufficient evidence on six counts of the indictment and convicted her on three counts: the murder of 80 people, abetting the murder of 102 children, and collaborating in the murder of 1,000 people.[11] On June 30, 1981, the court imposed a life sentence,[28] a more severe punishment than those meted out to her co-defendants.[1][30][31]

Complications of diabetes, including a leg amputation, led to her release from Mülheimer women's prison in 1996. Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan died on April 19, 1999, aged 79, in Bochum, Germany.[1][4][29][32]

After the publicity surrounding Ryan's extradition, the United States government established in 1979 a U.S. DOJ Office of Special Investigations to seek out war criminals to denaturalize or deport. It took jurisdiction previously held by the Immigration and Naturalization Service.[33]

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The novel The Mare by Angharad Hampshire is based on Hermine Braunsteiner's life.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Biographie: Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan, 1919–1999" (in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved October 15, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Friedlander, Henry; Earlean M. McCarrick. "The Extradition of Nazi Criminals: Ryan, Artukovic, and Demjanjuk". Annual 4 Chapter 2 Part 1. Museum of Tolerance (Simon Wiesenthal Center Multimedia Learning Center). Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Wistrich, Robert S. (2001). Who's Who in Nazi Germany. Routledge. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-415-26038-1. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Martin, Douglas (December 2, 2005). "A Nazi Past, a Queens Home Life, an Overlooked Death". New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  5. ^ a b c Lelyveld, Joseph (March 6, 2005). "Breaking Away". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  6. ^ "Procesy zbrodniarzy (Trials of the war criminals) 1946–1948". Wykaz sądzonych członków załogi KL Lublin/Majdanek (The listing of defendants). KL Lublin. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  7. ^ Frühwald, Wolfgang (2004). Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der Deutschen Literatur. M. Niemeyer. p. 92. Retrieved October 16, 2008. ...Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan's pay at... Majdanek ... four times what she earned in a munitions factory. Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized March 18, 2008.
  8. ^ "KZ Aufseherinnen". Majdanek Liste. Axis History ‹ Women in the Reich. April 3, 2005. Archived from the original on June 6, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2013.Source: See: index or articles ("Personenregister"). Oldenburger OnlineZeitschriftenBibliothek.
  9. ^ Wistrich, Robert Solomon. (2002) Who's who in Nazi Germany, Psychology Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780415260381.
  10. ^ a b "Ravensbrück: training center for SS female guards". Alliance for Human Research Protection. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  11. ^ Rabinowitz, Dorothy (December 1, 2000). New Lives: Survivors of the Holocaust Living in America. iUniverse. p. 6. ISBN 0-595-14128-5. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
  12. ^ Levy, Alan (1994). The Wiesenthal File. Lancaster: Constable and Company. pp. 331–332. ISBN 9780802837721.
  13. ^ a b c Lelyveld, Joseph (July 14, 1964). "Former Nazi camp guard now a housewife in Queens" (PDF). New York Times. p. 10.
  14. ^ "United States v. Ryan, 360 F. Supp. 265 (E.D.N.Y. 1973)". Justia Law. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  15. ^ a b "Hermine Ryan-Braunsteiner" (PDF).
  16. ^ Bazyler, Michael J. (2017). Holocaust, Genocide, and the Law: A Quest for Justice in a Post-Holocaust World. Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-066403-9.
  17. ^ a b Lichtblau, Eric (October 28, 2014). The Nazis Next Door: How America Became a Safe Haven for Hitler's Men. HMH. pp. 86–89. ISBN 978-0-547-66922-9.
  18. ^ Bernstein, Adam (September 21, 2005). "Simon Wiesenthal, 1908–2005: Victim Became Nazis' Prime Pursuer". Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  19. ^ Kolbert, Elizabeth (February 9, 2015). "The Last Trial". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved September 22, 2024.
  20. ^ Lelyveld, Joseph (March 6, 2005). "Breaking Away". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
  21. ^ "FIRE BOMBERS SAID TO PICK WRONG HOME". The New York Times. March 12, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  22. ^ American Jewish Committee. "Central Europe - West Germany - Nazi Trials" (PDF). American Jewish Year Book, 1974–75. New York: AJC Information Center and Digital Archives. p. 479. Retrieved October 16, 2008. The prosecutor's office began an investigation into the case of the former concentration camp supervisor Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan who had been extradited by the United States to Germany where she was wanted for participating in the murder of 2,000 Jews.
  23. ^ "Judge Denies Bail to Ex-nazi Facing Extradition". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. March 20, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
  24. ^ Kaplan, Morris (August 8, 1973). "Mrs. Ryan Is Flown To Europe for Trial". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
  25. ^ Rabinowicz, Dorothy (1990). "The Holocaust as Living Memory". In Eliot Lefkowitz (ed.). Dimensions of the Holocaust: Lectures at Northwestern University. Elie Wiesel, Elliot Lefkovitz, Robert McAfee Brown, Lucy Dawidowicz. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. pp. 34–45. ISBN 978-0-8101-0908-7. Retrieved October 15, 2008. In the winter of 1973 in New York City, deportation hearings were held for Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan, wife of an American citizen, a resident of Queens, New York. Former SS guard at Ravensbrueck and Majdanek, Mrs. Ryan stood accused of beating inmates to death during the years 1939–1944 while performing her duties as vice-commandant of the women's camp at Majadanek; of being responsible, also, for the death selection of hundreds of others. (Conflates extradition and deportation.)
  26. ^ Soffer, Michael (October 2, 2024). Our Nazi: An American Suburb's Encounter with Evil. University of Chicago Press. pp. 58–61. ISBN 978-0-226-83555-6.
  27. ^ a b Stoltzfus, Nathan; Friedlander, Henry (October 6, 2008). Nazi Crimes and the Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-521-89974-1.
  28. ^ a b "Hermine Braunsteiner". Some Significant Cases. Simon Wiesenthal Archive. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2008.
  29. ^ Himmelfarb, Milton; Singer, David, eds. (1985). American Jewish Yearbook (PDF). American Jewish Year Book. Vol. 85. New York; Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0-8276-0247-2. LCCN 99004040. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2008.
  30. ^ Wendel, Marcus. "Third Majdanek Trial". Axis History Factbook. Retrieved October 15, 2008. (Also cited in Jewish Virtual Library.)
  31. ^ "Behind Bars, Finally". New York Times. July 5, 1981. Retrieved October 15, 2008. She ran as far as the United States, to a marriage with an American and a home in Maspeth, Queens. But Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan couldn't hide indefinitely and, finally found out, she was stripped of American citizenship in 1971 and deported in 1973. And last week, after a five-year trial, she was convicted of murder as a guard in the Maidanek concentration camp near Lublin, Poland, during World War II.
  32. ^ Feigin, p. 4-6

Further reading

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