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Guo

This article is about the Chinese surname. For other uses, see Guo (disambiguation). For the Gǒu, the surname written 笱, see Gou (surname).
"Kwok" redirects here. For the cooking pot, see wok.
"Kuo" redirects here. For the language, see Kuo language.

"Guo", written in Chinese: 郭, is one of the most common Chinese surnames and means "the wall that surrounds a city" in Chinese. It can also be transliterated as Cok, Gou, Quo, Quach, Quek, Que, Keh, Kuo, Kwo, Kuoch, Kok, Koc, Kwee, Kwek, Kwik, Kwok, Kuok, Kuek, Gock, Koay, or Ker. The Korean equivalent is spelled Kwak; the Vietnamese equivalent is Quách.

Guo
Guo surname in regular script
PronunciationGuō (Mandarin Pinyin)
Gwok3 (Cantonese Jyutping)
Koeh / Keh (Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī)
Language(s)Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese
Origin
Language(s)Old Chinese
DerivationState of Western Guo
Meaning"outer city wall"
Other names
Variant form(s)Kwok, Guok (Cantonese)
Guo, Kuo (Mandarin)
Kue, Koay, Kwek, Quek, Kwik (Hokkien)
Kue, Koay, Quek (Teochew)
Kuncoro, Kusuma, Kartono etc. (Indonesia)
Kuoch (Khmer - Cambodian)
Quách (Vietnamese)
Kwak (Korean)
Kaku (Japanese)
Derivative(s)Quách, Kwak
Guo
Chinese郭
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGuō
Wade–Gilesko1
IPA[kwǒ]
Wu
Romanization[koʔ5]
Gan
Romanization[kuɔʔ55][1]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping[gwok3]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ[Koeh]
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese/kwɑk̚/
Old Chinese
Zhengzhang/*kʷaːɡ/

The different ways of spelling this surname indicate the origin of the family. For example, the Cantonese "Kwok" originated in Hong Kong and the surrounding area. In the Philippines, the spelling is "Que", "Ke", "Quepe", and "Kepa". In 2019, Guo was the 16th most common surname in mainland China.[2]

Origins

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There are eight legendary origins of the Guo surname, which include a Persian (Hui) origin, a Korean origin, and a Mongolian origin, as a result of sinicization. However, the majority of people bearing the surname Guo are descended from the Han Chinese.[citation needed]

Hui surname

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One of the Guo family is from the Hui clans around Quanzhou in Fujian.

Early in the 14th century, a Persian Al-Qudsan Al-Dhaghan Nam (伊本·庫斯·德廣貢·納姆) was sent to Quanzhou by Külüg Khan for assisting grain transportation by sea. He failed to return to Khanbaliq due to war, then got married and settled at Quanzhou. Because his Persian surname Qudsan pronounces similar to Chinese Guo, Al-Qudsan Al-Dhaghan Nam's grandsons began to change their surname to Guo in order to assimilate with local Han Chinese. It was politically expedient to claim they were descendants of Guo Ziyi in order to be better accommodated by local people and later the Ming dynasty government. After Haijin policy applied and the Portuguese began to dominate the China-Middle East maritime trade, they were more localized and recognized as descendants as Guo Ziyi by themselves and by local people.

Due to more people of these clans identifying as Hui, the population of Hui has grown.[3][4] All these clans needed was evidence of ancestry from Arab, Persian, or other Muslim ancestors to be recognized as Hui, and they did not need to practice Islam.[5] The Communist party and its policies encouraged the definition of Hui as a nationality or ethnicity.[6][7] The Chinese government's Historic Artifacts Bureau preserved tombs of Arabs and Persians whom Hui are descended from around Quanzhou.[8] Many of these Hui worship their village guardian deities and are non-Muslims; they include Buddhists, Taoists, followers of Chinese Folk Religions, secularists, and Christians.[9] Many clans with thousands of members in numerous villages across Fujian recorded their genealogies and had Muslim ancestry.[10] Hui clans originating in Fujian have a strong sense of unity among their members, despite being scattered across a wide area in Asia, such as Fujian, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, and Philippines.[11][12]

In Taiwan there are also descendants of Hui who came with Koxinga who no longer observe Islam, the Taiwan branch of the Guo (romanized as Kuo in Taiwan) family are non-Muslims, but maintain a tradition of not offering pork at ancestral shrines. The Chinese Muslim Association counts these people as Muslims.[13] The Taiwanese Guo clan view their Hui identity as irrelevant and don't assert that they are Hui.[14]

Various different accounts are given as to whom the Hui Guo clan is descended from. Several of the Guo claimed descent from Han chinese General Guo Ziyi.[15] They were then distressed and disturbed at the fact that their claim of descent from Guo Ziyi contradicted their being Hui, which required foreign ancestry.[16] The Encyclopædia Iranica claims the ancestor of the Guo clan in Baiqi was the Persian Ebn Tur (Daqqaq).[17]

Notable people

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Historical

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  • Guo Chongtao, General of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang (and Later Tang's predecessor state Jin)
  • Guo Chun, painter during the Early Ming dynasty
  • Guo Chuwang, patriot at the end of the Song dynasty
  • Guo Daiju, Official and Chancellor of the Tang dynasty
  • Guo Huai, Military General of Cao Wei
  • Guo Jia, Official and Adviser under Warlord Cao Cao
  • Guo Kan, a famed Chinese general that served under the Mongols
  • Guo Nuwang, First Empress of Cao Wei
  • Guo Pu, writer and scholar of the Eastern Jin
  • Guo Rong, Second Emperor of Later Zhou also known as Chai Rong
  • Guo Shengtong, First Empress of Emperor Guangwu
  • Guo Shoujing, astronomer, engineer, and mathematician who lived during the Yuan dynasty
  • Guo Si, General who serve under Warlord Dong Zhuo during the Late Han dynasty
  • Guo Tu, adviser under Warlord Yuan Shao
  • Guo Wei, Founding Emperor of Later Zhou
  • Guo Xi, Chinese Painter of the Song dynasty
  • Guo Xiang Taoist of the Early Jin dynasty
  • Guo Xun, General of The Han dynasty
  • Guo Yuanzhen, General Official and Chancellor of the Tang dynasty
  • Guo Zhengyi, Official and Chancellor of the Tang dynasty
  • Guo Zhongshu, painter and scholar during the Song dynasty
  • Guo Ziyi (697–781), general of Tang China who ended the Anshi Rebellion

Modern

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Fictional people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ 熊正辉 (1995). 南昌方言词典. 江苏教育出版社. p. 289.
  2. ^ "新京报 - 好新闻，无止境".
  3. ^ Gladney, Dru C. (2004). Dislocating China: reflections on Muslims, minorities and other subaltern subjects. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 294. ISBN 1-85065-324-0.
  4. ^ Robert W. Hefner (1998). Market cultures: society and morality in the new Asian capitalisms. Westview Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-8133-3360-1. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  5. ^ Dru C. Gladney (1996). Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 286. ISBN 0-674-59497-5. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  6. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  7. ^ Dru C. Gladney (1996). Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 272. ISBN 0-674-59497-5. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  8. ^ Dru C. Gladney (1996). Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 266. ISBN 0-674-59497-5. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  9. ^ Dru C. Gladney (1998). Making majorities: constituting the nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States. Stanford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-8047-3048-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  10. ^ Chibli Mallat, Jane Frances Connors, University of London. Centre of Middle Eastern Studies (1990). Islamic family law. BRILL. p. 364. ISBN 1-85333-301-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Jean C. Oi; Andrew George Walder (1999). Property rights and economic reform in China. Stanford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8047-3788-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  12. ^ Jean C. Oi; Andrew George Walder (1999). Property rights and economic reform in China. Stanford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-8047-3788-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  13. ^ Peter G. Gowing (July–August 1970). "Islam in Taiwan". SAUDI ARAMCO World. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
  14. ^ Dru C. Gladney (1991). Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 279. ISBN 0-674-59495-9. Retrieved 2010-06-28.[1]
  15. ^ Dru C. Gladney (1991). Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 279. ISBN 0-674-59495-9. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  16. ^ Bettina Gransow; Pál Nyíri; Shiaw-Chian Fong (2005). China: new faces of ethnography (illustrated ed.). Lit Verlag. p. 126. ISBN 3-8258-8806-1. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  17. ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
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