Gwo ka

The Gwo Ka musical practice emerged in the 17th century during the transatlantic slave trade, as a result of a creolization process: adaptation to surrounding context and assimilation of European cultural elements. African slaves of Guadeloupe used to gather to play drums, sing and dance. The use of any kind of drum was at that time forbidden by the Code Noir. As a consequence, slaves used a vocal technique called bouladjèl, which imitates drums. At that time, Gwoka practice was directly linked to agricultural work, especially sugar cane, coffee and banana cultivation.^[2]

Post 1946, along with anti-assimilation and anti-colonialism movements, Gwoka spread throughout the island, which marks the beginning of its rehabilitation process. As a consequence, in 1988, lawyer and nationalist activist Félix Cotellon created the Festival de Gwoka Sentann in the city of Sainte-Anne without the support of the municipality. Studies and symposiums were held on the occasion.^[2]

In 1981, local musician Gérard Lockel published the Traité de Gwoka modên, the first attempt to formalize this musical genre.^[2] He claimed that Gwoka was atonal, breaching with western conventions and tastes. By affirming the modality of Gwoka, he situated this music style within the realm of African musical traditions.^[3] Paradoxically, under Lockel's leadership, Gwoka was transformed from a participatory music played outdoors to a presentational music played on stage with European and North American instruments.^[4]

Musical research show that the instrument can find its roots in the drums and songs of the West African countries (Guinea gulf, Congo...)^{[citation needed]}. From the diverse music and dance of their homelands, the slaves elaborated a communication tool, a new form of art, like the creole language: the Gwo Ka.^{[citation needed]} This musical genre is characterised by an African typology^{[citation needed]}: - repetitive form - improvisation - physical movements linked to music - a response between a soloist and choir - a syncopation weak times

Traditional gwo ka is ideally played with at least 2 hand drums (ka in créole): 1 boula and 1 makè.^[1] Historically, ka were made of:

• a recycled cured meat keg for the body^[1][5] (bari a vyann or bouko in créole);
• a goat skin (po a kabrit in créole) — male for the boula vs. female for the makè;^[6]
• tensioning metal hoops (sèk, i.e. circle in créole);^[6]
• wooden tensioning pegs (klé in créole);^[6]
• rope (zoban in créole).^[6]

Often, the Ka section is further accompanied by:^[6]

• ti-bwa: 15 to 20 cm wooden sticks drummed on the side of a "Ka" or a section of bamboo culm of about 15 cm in diameter;
• chacha: emptied & dried calabash — or any other container — filled with a granular material (e.g. grains, salt, sand...).

The influences (lifestyle and musical genre) of the "master" combined with this base to create the seven rhythms or dances:

• The léwôz is the war rhythm, used to give rhythm the attacks against the plantations, but was also an incantation dance;
• The kaladja symbolises the struggle in love;
• The toumblak, like the kaladja, deals with the love theme, belly dance, fertility dance;
• The padjabèl is the cane cutting dance;
• The graj accompanies the agricultural work;
• The woulé is the "creole waltz", to charm and mimic the whites;
• The mendé would have been the last rhythm to arrive in the islands, with the "Congos" under contract after the abolition, and symbolises the collective celebration of carnival.

"Gwo-ka is a dance of improvisation by excellence, a dance of the instinct, of the moment. (…) Gwo-ka, dance of resistance, of resilience and adaptation: Dance of Life"^[7]

A more modernized version of gwo ka is gwo ka moderne, which adds new instruments ranging from conga or djembe drums and chimes to electric bass guitar. At root, however, these styles all use the same fundamental seven rhythms as folk gwo ka. Zouk legends Kassav' played an important role in the modernization of gwo ka, giving urban credibility to a style that was seen as backward and unsophisticated; they initially played in a gro ka format, using songs from the gwo ka Carnival tradition of mas a St. Jean and even placing an homage to traditionalist drumming legend Velo on their earlier albums.^[8]

Gwo ka moderne artists include Pakala Percussion, Van Lévé and Poukoutan'n, alongside more pop-influenced musicians like Marcel Magnat and Ti Celeste, while Gerard Hubert and others have fused gwo ka with zouk. The most famous modern gwo ka performer, however, is William Flessel, whose Message Ka in 1994 became an international hit.^[8]

In 2013, the Heritage Committee of the Ministry of Culture and Communication has selected the intent to apply of gwoka for registration to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in order to enhance the gwoka and organize a network of actors.^[9]

In 2014, the Heritage Committee recognized gwoka in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

• Ecole de musique et danse Gwo ka CEFRIM (Gadeloupe)

Zouk-UK: Gwo Ka In The Heart of The City

• [1]^{[permanent dead link‍]}

Example of Gwo Ka in the street of Pointe-a-Pitre in Guadeloupe

• uVu

Lénablou, Techni' ka, Editions Jasor, 2005 https://web.archive.org/web/20090831081325/http://guardian.co.tt/features/entertainment/2009/08/17/bending-continuum Groupes