Fifth Circuit Four

In their most famous cases, they were opposed by fellow Fifth Circuit judge Ben Cameron, an avowed white supremacist. At that time, the Fifth Circuit included not only Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas (the limits of its jurisdiction since October 1, 1981), but also Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the Panama Canal Zone. ^[1]

"The Four" were Richard T. Rives, Elbert Parr Tuttle (who served as Chief Judge from 1960-67), John R. Brown (who succeeded Tuttle as Chief Judge), and John Minor Wisdom. All but Rives were liberal Republicans; Rives was a Democrat and friend of Supreme Court justice Hugo Black.^[1]

The jurisprudence of the group led to expansion of the rights granted in Brown v. Board of Education to other areas of society, such as employment, integration, and voting rights.^[1] Since Brown did not specify the mechanisms for desegregation, it was crucial that lower federal courts such as the Fifth Circuit expanded civil rights law. In several court cases, such as Louisiana v. United States, the court struck down "race neutral" laws that functionally denied African Americans their rights due to unequal application. In response, the judges faced major backlash from their communities, who were largely against integration and civil rights for African Americans. The judges received many phone threats and had their personal property destroyed or vandalized.^[2]

"The Constitution is both color blind and color conscious. To avoid conflict with the equal protection clause, a classification that denies a benefit, causes harm, or imposes a burden must not be based on race. In that sense the Constitution is color blind. But the Constitution is color conscious to prevent discrimination being perpetuated and to undo the effects of past discrimination. The criterion is the relevancy of color to a legitimate government purpose." —Judge John Minor Wisdom, writing for the majority in United States v. Jefferson County Board of Education, 1966.^[3]

• Frank Minis Johnson – a U.S. District Judge for the Middle District of Alabama whose rulings had a strong impact on civil rights in the American South.
• J. Skelly Wright - Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, and then of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit