Exponential polynomial

An exponential polynomial generally has both a variable x and some kind of exponential function E(x). In the complex numbers there is already a canonical exponential function, the function that maps x to e^x. In this setting the term exponential polynomial is often used to mean polynomials of the form P(x, e^x) where P ∈ C[x, y] is a polynomial in two variables.^[1][2]

There is nothing particularly special about C here; exponential polynomials may also refer to such a polynomial on any exponential field or exponential ring with its exponential function taking the place of e^x above.^[3] Similarly, there is no reason to have one variable, and an exponential polynomial in n variables would be of the form P(x₁, ..., x_n, e^x₁, ..., e^x_n), where P is a polynomial in 2n variables.

For formal exponential polynomials over a field K we proceed as follows.^[4] Let W be a finitely generated Z-submodule of K and consider finite sums of the form

${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{m}f_{i}(X)\exp(w_{i}X)\ ,}$ 

where the f_i are polynomials in K[X] and the exp(w_i X) are formal symbols indexed by w_i in W subject to exp(u + v) = exp(u) exp(v).

A more general framework where the term 'exponential polynomial' may be found is that of exponential functions on abelian groups. Similarly to how exponential functions on exponential fields are defined, given a topological abelian group G a homomorphism from G to the additive group of the complex numbers is called an additive function, and a homomorphism to the multiplicative group of nonzero complex numbers is called an exponential function, or simply an exponential. A product of additive functions and exponentials is called an exponential monomial, and a linear combination of these is then an exponential polynomial on G.^[5][6]

Ritt's theorem states that the analogues of unique factorization and the factor theorem hold for the ring of exponential polynomials.^[4]

Exponential polynomials on R and C often appear in transcendental number theory, where they appear as auxiliary functions in proofs involving the exponential function. They also act as a link between model theory and analytic geometry. If one defines an exponential variety to be the set of points in Rⁿ where some finite collection of exponential polynomials vanish, then results like Khovanskiǐ's theorem in differential geometry and Wilkie's theorem in model theory show that these varieties are well-behaved in the sense that the collection of such varieties is stable under the various set-theoretic operations as long as one allows the inclusion of the image under projections of higher-dimensional exponential varieties. Indeed, the two aforementioned theorems imply that the set of all exponential varieties forms an o-minimal structure over R.

Exponential polynomials also appear in the characteristic equation associated with linear delay differential equations.

• Quasi-polynomial