In adult vertebrates, trunk muscles can be broadly divided into hypaxial muscles, which lie ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae and epaxial muscles, which lie dorsal to the septum.[1] Hypaxial muscles include some vertebral muscles, the diaphragm, the abdominal muscles, and all limb muscles. The serratus posterior inferior and serratus posterior superior are innervated by the ventral primary ramus and are hypaxial muscles. Epaxial muscles include other (dorsal) muscles associated with the vertebrae, ribs, and base of the skull. In humans, the erector spinae, the transversospinales (including the multifidus, semispinalis and rotatores), the splenius and suboccipital muscles are the only epaxial muscles.
Hypaxial and epaxial muscles develop directly from somitic cells. Differentiation of hypaxial and epaxial muscles is postulated to have evolved as a new trait in vertebrate animals.[2]
Location
editThe hypaxial muscles are located on the ventral side of the body, often below the horizontal septum in many species (primarily fish and amphibians). In all species, the hypaxial muscles are innervated by the ventral ramus (branch) of the spinal nerves, while the epaxial muscles are innervated by the dorsal ramus.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ Burke, A. C.; Nowicki, J. L. (2003-02-01). "A New View of Patterning Domains in the Vertebrate Mesoderm". Developmental Cell. 4 (2): 159–165. doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00033-9. ISSN 1534-5807. PMID 12586060.
- ^ Schilling, Nadja; Carrier, David R. (2010-05-01). "Function of the epaxial muscles in walking, trotting and galloping dogs: implications for the evolution of epaxial muscle function in tetrapods". Journal of Experimental Biology. 213 (9): 1490–1502. doi:10.1242/jeb.039487. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 20400634.
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