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Empirical sociology is the study of sociology based on methodological methods and techniques for collecting, processing, and communicating primary sociological information. Describes the situation of the aspects of social life such as economy, law, family, and politics during the research.[1] Empirical sociology is often concerned with aspects of everyday life with common sense, which it treats as a resource, a form of knowledge.[2] Empirical sociology inductively studies how people appreciate and get along with each other.[3] Empirical sociology is an American tradition with roots in the social reform movements of the Progressive Era.[4]
Definition
editThe task of empirical sociology is to conduct inductive research on a particular social phenomenon.[5] The German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies defined empirical sociology as the collection of factual information or evidence.[6][7] Sociologist Morris Janowitz defined empirical sociology as collecting and planning empirical indicators of change.[8] Morris describes the relationship between history and empirical sociology as "At this point, sociology and "history” converge. All empirical sociology is history, but history is not all empirical sociology".[8]
Timeline
editThe first stage of empirical sociology was represented by the changes introduced into the scientific procedure by the Chicago school between 1895 and 1929.[9] The American sociologist Barry Smart, in his book "Sociology, phenomenology and Marxian analysis" that empirical sociology is established in Eastern Europe.[10] Polish sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz has done sociological research on society and law. Gumplowicz's main contribution to the development of empirical sociology is its focus on groups of people.[11] Austrian philosopher of science and sociologist Otto Neurath was instrumental in the development of empirical sociology.[12]
Approaches
editEmpirical sociology, like Parsons's systems theory, is defined and criticized as "positivism". For Adorno, positivism is here characterized by two not necessarily related features.[13]
Empiricism and positivism
editEmpirical and positivist approaches in sociology argue that data collection and analysis are important.[14] Empiricism is the idea that knowledge can only be based on what our senses tell us, rather than our thoughts and feelings.[14] Empirical sociology is therefore the view that sociology should be based on data gathered from our senses rather than abstract object theory.[14] Positivism initially looks like empiricism, but positivism is, at some level, the belief that social issues should be studied using the methods of the physical sciences.[14]
References
edit- Footnotes
- ^ Ozankaya 1975, p. 50.
- ^ Chaplin 2002, p. 159.
- ^ Bernard G. Mulvaney 1942, pp. 225–230.
- ^ Williams & MacLean 2015, p. 4.
- ^ Bevir 2010, p. 1379.
- ^ Schad 2019, p. 71.
- ^ Tönnies 2019, p. 442.
- ^ a b Janowitz 2017, p. 65.
- ^ Wright 2015, pp. 558–566.
- ^ Smart 2013, p. 38.
- ^ Gumplowicz 2020, p. 14.
- ^ Ülken 1941, p. 317.
- ^ Victoria Publishing Company 1976, p. 95.
- ^ a b c d McCormack et al. 2018, p. 30.
- Works cited
- Ozankaya, Özer (1975). Toplumbilim terimleri sözlüğü (in Turkish). Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
- Chaplin, Elizabeth (2002). Sociology and Visual Representation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90605-5.
- Bernard G. Mulvaney, C. S. V. (1942). "The Place of Empirical Sociology". The American Catholic Sociological Review. 3 (4): 225–230. doi:10.2307/3707460. ISSN 0362-515X. JSTOR 3707460.
- Williams, Joyce E.; MacLean, Vicky M. (2015-06-24). Settlement Sociology in the Progressive Years: Faith, Science, and Reform. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-28757-0.
- Bevir, Mark (2010-03-18). Encyclopedia of Political Theory: A - E. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-5865-3.
- Schad, Susanne Petra (2019-04-15). Empirical social research in Weimar-Germany. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-155854-7.
- Tönnies, Ferdinand, Bammé, Arno, Profil Verlag GmbH (2019). Fortschritt und soziale Entwicklung geschichtsphilosophische Ansichten (in German). ISBN 978-3-89019-732-6. OCLC 1052431713.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Janowitz, Morris (2017-07-05). Social Change and Politics: 1920-1976. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-49048-1.
- Wright (2015). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. James D. Wright (2 ed.). Amsterdam. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. OCLC 904209795.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Smart, Barry (2013-10-15). Sociology, Phenomenology and Marxian Analysis: A Critical Discussion of the Theory and Practice of a Science of Society. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-47973-3.
- Gumplowicz, Ludwig (2020-08-26). Outlines of Sociology. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-15982-0.
- Ülken, Hilmi Ziya (1941). İçtimaı̂ doktrinler tarihi (in Turkish). Yenidevir Basımevi.
- International Review of Sport Sociology. PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers. 1974.
- McCormack, Mark; Anderson, Eric; Jamie, Kimberly; David, Matthew (2018-03-16). Discovering Sociology. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 978-1-137-60975-5.
- Sociological Analysis & Theory. Victoria Publishing Company. 1976.