Eastern Pwo or Phlou,(Pwo Eastern Karen: ဖၠုံ, ဖၠုံယှိုဝ်,[1] ဖၠုံဘာႋသာ့ဆ်ုခၠါင်, ဖၠုံဆ်ုခၠါင်[citation needed], Burmese: အရှေ့ပိုးကရင်) is a Karen language spoken by Eastern Pwo people and over a million people in Myanmar and by about 50,000 in Thailand, where it has been called Southern Pwo. It is not intelligible with other varieties of Pwo, with which it shares 63 to 65% lexical similarity.[1] The Eastern Pwo dialects share 91 to 97% lexical similarity.[1]
| Eastern Pwo | |
|---|---|
| ဖၠုံ, ဖၠုံယှိုဝ်,[1] ဖၠုံဘာႋသာ့ဆ်ုခၠါင်, ဖၠုံဆ်ုခၠါင်[citation needed] | |
| Native to | Myanmar, Thailand |
| Ethnicity | Pwo Karen people |
Native speakers | (1,050,000 cited 1998)[2] |
| Mon-Burmese script (various alphabets) Leke script, Thai script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kjp |
| Glottolog | pwoe1235 |
A script called Leke was developed between 1830 and 1860 and is used by members of the millenarian Leke sect of Buddhism. Otherwise, a variety of Mon-Burmese alphabets are used, and refugees in Thailand have created a Thai alphabet that is in limited use.
Distribution
edit- Kayin State and Tanintharyi Region: long contiguous area near the Thai border[1]
- Bago Region: Bago and Toungoo townships[1]
Phonology
editThe following displays the phonological features of two of the eastern Pwo Karen dialects, Pa'an and Tavoy:
Consonants
edit| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular/ Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t̪ | t | tɕ | k | ʔ | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ||||||
| implosive | (ɓ) | (ɗ) | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ɕ | x | h | ||||
| voiced | ɣ | ʁ | ||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Approximant | central | w | j | |||||
| lateral | l | |||||||
- Post-alveolar affricates /tɕ, tɕʰ/, are realized as fricatives [s, sʰ], among some formal dialects.
- /t̪/ when pronounced slowly is phonetically realized as a dental affricate [t̪θ].
- Voiced plosives /b, d/ are pronounced as implosives [ɓ, ɗ] only in the Pa'an dialect.
- /h/ does not exist in the Tavoy dialect.
- /j/ may tend to be slightly fricativized [ʝ] when preceding front vowels.
- /r/ may also be realized as a tap [ɾ].
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | ɯ | u |
| Near-high | ɪ | ʊ | ||
| High-mid | e | ɤ | o | |
| Low-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Low | a | |||
- /ɪ/ does not occur after a /w/ sound.
- /ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ/ are merged with /i, u, e, o/ in the Tavoy dialect.[3]
Tones
editFour tones are present in Eastern Pwo:
| Tones | |
|---|---|
| v́ | ˦ |
| v̄ | ˧ |
| v̀ | ˨ |
| v̂ | ˥˩ |
Dialects
editAlphabet
editHistory
editThe alphabet used for Eastern Pwo Karen language is in Mon-Burmese script.
| က ka(/kaˀ/) |
ခ kha(/kʰaˀ/) |
ဂ ga(/gaˀ/) |
ဃ gha(/kʰaˀ/) |
င ṅa(/ŋa̰ˀ/) |
စ ca(/ca̰ˀ/) |
| ဆ cha(/cʰa̰ˀ/) |
ဇ sa(/sa̰/) |
ဈ sa(/sa̰ˀ/) |
ည ña(/ñaˀ/) |
ဋ ṭa(/taˀ/) |
ဌ ṭha(/tʰaˀ/) |
| ဍ ḍa(/ɗaˀ/) |
ဎ ḍha(/ɗʰaˀ/) |
ၮ ṇ(/na̰/) |
တ ta(/taˀ/) |
ထ tha(/tʰaˀ/) |
ဒ da(/da̰ˀ/) |
| ဓ dha(/tʰa̰ˀ/) |
န na(/na̰ˀ/) |
ပ pa(/pa̰ˀ/) |
ဖ pha(/pʰa̰ˀ/) |
ဗ ba(/ba̰ˀ/) |
ဘ bha(/bʰa̰ˀ/) |
| မ ma(/ma̰ˀ/) |
ယ ya(/ya̰ˀ/) |
ရ ra(/ra̰ˀ/) |
လ la(/la̰ˀ/) |
ဝ wa(/wa̰ˀ/) |
သ sa(/sa̰ˀ/) |
| ဟ ha(/ha̰ˀ/) |
ဠ la(/la̰ˀ/) |
အ a(/ʔaˀ/) |
ၜ ba(/ɓaˀ/) |
ၯ hha(/ŋga̰ˀ/) |
ၰ ghwa(/ŋghɛ̀ˀˀ/) |
| Number | Eastern Pwo Karen | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Numeral | Written | Pronounce | |
| 0 | ၀ | ပၠဝ်ပၠေ | ပ္လေါဟ်ပ္လိဟ်
ploh plih |
| 1 | ၁ | လ်ု | လုဟ်
luh |
| 2 | ၂ | ၮီ့ | ဏီး
née |
| 3 | ၃ | သိုင့် | သုဟ်
thuh |
| 4 | ၄ | လီႋ | လီ
Lee း lee |
| 5 | ၅ | ယာဲ | ယေဟ်
yeh |
| 6 | ၆ | ၰူ့ | ဟု
hu |
| 7 | ၇ | နိုဲ့ | နွေ့ယ်
nwey |
| 8 | ၈ | ၰိုတ် | ၐိုဝ်
xoh |
| 9 | ၉ | ခုဲ့ | ခွီး
khwee |
| 10 | ၁၀ | လ်ုဆီ့(ဆီ့) | luh chi/chi |
| 11 | ၁၁
|
ဆီ့လ်ု | chi luh |
| 12 | ၁၂
|
ဆီ့ၮီ့ | chi ne |
| 20 | ၂၀ | ၮီ့ဆီ့ | ne chi |
| 21 | ၂၁ | ၮီ့ဆီ့လ်ု | ne chi luh |
| 22 | ၂၂ | ၮီ့ဆီ့ၮီ့ | ne chi ne |
| 100 | ၁၀၀ | လ်ုဖင်ႋ(ဖင်ႋ) | luh pong/pong |
| 101 | ၁၀၁ | လ်ုဖင်ႋလ်ု | luh pong luh |
| 1000 | ၁၀၀၀ | လ်ုမိုင့်(မိုင့်) | luh muh/muh |
| 10000 | ၁၀၀၀၀ | လ်ုလာ(လာ) | luh lah/lah |
| 100000 | ၁၀၀၀၀၀ | လ်ုသိင်ႋ(သိင်ႋ) | luh thay/thay |
The Eastern Pwo Karen numeric symbols have been proposed for encoding in a future Burmese Unicode block.
- The number zero, ploh plih (ပၠဝ်ပၠေ), means "of no value".
- The number zero is not used in day-to-day life and mostly exists in writing only. People are taught to use the Burmese numeric system instead, including zero.
- Chi (ဆီ့) denotes 10, any number from 1 to 9 before chi can be interpreted as "of ten(s)", so 20 would be ne chi. Pong (ဖင်ႋ) denotes 100, any number from 1 to 9 before pong can be interpreted as "hundred(s)", so 200 would be ne pong. Similarly, the same rule applies to thousand, muh (မိုင့်); ten-thousand, lah (လာ); and hundred-thousand, thay (သိင်ႋ).
- Numbers after the hundred-thousands (millions and above) are prefixed with thay (သိင်ႋ), hundred thousand. For example, one million would be thay luh chi (သိင်ႋလ်ုဆီ့), "hundred thousand of tens"; two million would be thay ne chi (သိင့်ၮီ့ဆီ့), hundred thousand of two tens; ten million would be thay luh pong (သိင်ႋလ်ုဖင်ႋ), "hundred thousand of hundreds"; one billion would be thay luh lah (သိင်ႋလ်ုလာ), "hundred thousand of ten thousands".
Decimals
editDue to the close approximation to Thailand, the Eastern Pwo Karen adopts Thai's decimal word, chut, (Karen: ကျူဒ်, ကျူ(ဒ်); Thai: จุด; English: and, dot). For example, 1.01 is luh chut ploh plih luh (လ်ု ပၠဝ်ပၠေလ်ု).
Fractions
editFractions are formed by saying puh (ပုံႉ) after the numerator and the denominator. For example, one-third (1/3) would be luh puh thuh puh (လ်ုပုံသိုင့်ပုံ) and three over one, three-"oneths" (3/1) would be thuh puh luh puh (သိုင့်ပုံလ်ုပုံ).
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
- ^ Eastern Pwo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Kato, Atsuhiko (1995). The phonological systems of three Pwo Karen dialects. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 18. pp. 63–103.
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