The Doom Book, Dōmbōc, Code of Alfred or Legal Code of Ælfred the Great was the code of laws ("dooms" being laws or judgments) compiled by Alfred the Great (c. 893 AD). Alfred codified three prior Saxon codes – those of Æthelberht of Kent (c. 602 AD), Ine of Wessex (c. 694 AD) and Offa of Mercia (c. 786 AD) – to which he prefixed a modified version of the Ten Commandments of Moses and incorporated rules of life from the Mosaic Code and the Christian code of ethics.
Contents
editThe title Doom Book (Old English dōm-bōc) comes from the Old English word dōm meaning judgment or law – as in Alfred's admonishment to "Doom very evenly! Do not doom one doom to the rich; another to the poor! Nor doom one doom to your friend; another to your foe!"[1] This reflects Mosaic Law, which says "You shall do no injustice in judgment! You shall not be partial to the poor; nor defer to the great! But you are to judge your neighbour fairly!"[2]
The Christian theologian F. N. Lee extensively documented Alfred the Great's work of collecting the law codes from the three Christian Saxon kingdoms and compiling them into his Doom Book.[3] Lee details how Alfred incorporated the principles of the Mosaic law into his Code, and how this Code of Alfred became the foundation for the Common Law.
In the book's extensive prologue, Alfred summarises the Mosaic and Christian codes. Michael Treschow, UBC Faculty of Creative and Critical Studies, reviewed how Alfred laid the foundation for the Spirit of Mercy in his code,[4] stating that the last section of the Prologue not only describes "a tradition of Christian law from which the law code draws but also it grounds secular law upon Scripture, especially upon the principle of mercy".
The law code contains some laws that may seem bizarre by modern standards, such as: "If a man unintentionally kills another man by letting a tree fall on him, the tree shall be given to the kinsmen of the slain."[5] On the other hand, this precept may have anticipated the future common law of negligence, which provides that a person who is injured by the unintentional carelessness of another is entitled to recover compensation for his or her injury. In the context of the aforementioned law, the felled tree would be a valuable commodity.
Manuscripts
editManuscripts containing the Old English text are:[6]: 8
- Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 173 (also known as the Parker Chronicle)
- Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 383 (also known as the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum)
- London, British Library, Cotton MS Nero A I
- London, British Library, Cotton MS Otho B XI
- London, British Library, Burney MS 277
- Rochester Cathedral Library A. 3. 5 (also known as the Textus Roffensis)Murder
The text was translated into Latin during the reign of Cnut as the third part of the Instituta Cnuti, and survives in the following manuscripts:[6]: 8
- Rochester Cathedral Library A. 3. 5 (the Textus Roffensis)
- London, British Library Cotton MS Titus A XXVII
- Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Colbert 3,860
- Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Rawlinson C. 641
The text was independently translated into Latin a second time during the reign of Henry I as part of the Latin compilation known as Quadripartitus, which survives in ten manuscripts.[6]: 8–9
Editions and translations
edit- Alfred (1973). Turk, Milton Haight (ed.). The Legal Code of Alfred the Great. AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-56546-8.
- ——— (2004). Turk, Milton Haight (ed.). The Legal Code of Ælfred the Great. Lawbook Exchange. ISBN 1-58477-392-8.
- Liebermann, F. (ed.), Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen [The Laws of the Anglo-Saxons], 3 vols (Halle a. S.: Niemeyer, 1903–16; still the definitive critical edition)
- Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge (trans.), 1983, Alfred the Great: Asser's "Life of King Alfred" and Other Contemporary Sources London: Penguin, pp. 163–70 (translated extracts)
- Todd Preston, 2012, King Alfred’s Book of Laws: A Study of the Domboc and Its Influence on English Identity, With a Complete translation Jefferson, NC: McFarland, pp. 105–48 (diplomatic text and translation based on Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 173)
References
edit- ^ Thorpe, Benjamin, ed. (1840). Ancient Laws and Institutes of England: Comprising Laws Enacted Under the Angl-Saxon Kings from Æthelbirht to Cnut, with an English Translation of the Saxon; the Laws Called Edward the Confessor's; the Laws of William the Conqueror, and Those Ascribed to Henry the First; Also, Monumenta Ecclesiastica Anglicana, from the Seventh to the Tenth Century; and the Anciety Latin Version of the Anglo-Saxon Laws. Vol. 1. G.E. Eyre and A. Spottiswoode. p. 55. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ Leviticus 19:15
- ^ "Alfred the Great and our Common Law". Retrieved 25 May 2015.[self-published source]
- ^ Michael Treschow, "The Prologue to Alfred's Law Code: Instruction in the Spirit of Mercy", Florilegium 13, 1994, pp. 79–110.
- ^ Simon Keynes (1999). "King Alfred the Great and Shaftesbury Abbey". Studies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbey. Dorset County Council.
- ^ a b c Todd Preston, King Alfred’s Book of Laws: A Study of the Domboc and Its Influence on English Identity, With a Complete translation (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012).
Further reading
editThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "Dom-Boke". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
- Alfred (1893). The Legal Code of Ælfred the Great. M. Niemeyer.
- Wormald, Patrick (2001). King Alfred to the Twelfth Century: Legislation and its Limits. # Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-631-22740-7.
- Knight, Alfred H. (1998). The Life of the Law: The People and Cases that Have Shaped our Society, from King Alfred to Rodney King. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-512239-9.
- The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. Volume I. From the Beginnings to the Cycles of Romance.year=1907–21. VI. Alfred and the Old English Prose of his Reign. § 4. Codes of Law.
- Robin Fowler; [A.]H. Smith (eds.). The Parker Chronicle and Laws. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, MS. 173, facs.
External links
edit- Ward, A.W.; Waller, A.R.; Trent, W.P.; Erskine, J.; Sherman, S.P.; Van Doren, C., eds. (January 2000) [New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons; Cambridge, Eng.: University Press, 1907–21], "VI. Alfred and the Old English Prose of his Reign. § 4. Codes of Law", The Cambridge history of English and American literature: An encyclopedia in eighteen volumes, New York: Bartleby, ISBN 1-58734-073-9.
- "Laws of Alfred", Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham English translation (partial, no preface etc.)
- Alfred the Great: British Library Image