Demographics of Turkey

Demographics of Turkey
Demographics of Turkey
	Population pyramid of Turkey in 2020
Population	85,372,377; (31 December 2023)
Density	108.95421/km2 (2023)
Growth rate	0.11% (2023)
Birth rate	10.9 births/1,000; population (2023)
Death rate	6.2 deaths/1,000; population (2023)
Life expectancy	78.6 years (2020)
• male	75.9 years (2020)
• female	81.3 years (2020)
Fertility rate	1.51 children born/woman (2023)
Infant mortality rate	9.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2022)
Net migration rate	-1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	21.4% (2023)
15–64 years	68.3% (2023)
65 and over	10.2% (2023)
Sex ratio
Total	0.99 male(s)/female (2021)
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female (2022)
Under 15	1.05 male(s)/female (2022)
15–64 years	1.03 male(s)/female (2022)
65 and over	0.82 male(s)/female (2022)
Nationality
Nationality	Turkish
Major ethnic	Turkish (70–75%)
Minor ethnic	Kurdish (19%); Other minorities (6–11%) (2016 est.); ;
Language
Official	Turkish
Spoken	Languages of Turkey

Demographic features of the population of Turkey include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

As of 31 December 2023,^[update] the population of Turkey was 85.3 million with a growth rate of 0.11% per annum.^[4] Turks are the largest ethnic group.

By ethnicity Turks (70-75%), Kurds (19%), other (6-11%) including Armenians, Arabs, Assyrians, Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Chechens, Georgians, Pomaks, Romani, Laz people, and others (2016 estimate).

The population has been aging in recent years, with just 21.4% falling in the 0–14 age bracket (down from 26.4% in 2007).^[5] The population over the age of 65 is 10.2% (up from 7.1% in 2007). As of 2023,^[update] the median age of the Turkish population is 34 years (up from 28.3 in 2007).^[6] According to OECD/World Bank population statistics, from 1990 to 2008 the population growth in Turkey was 16 million or 29%.^[7]

Population

Historical population

Historical population^[8] ^[9]

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1890	8,274,971	—
1910	12,329,210	+2.01%
1927	13,648,270	+0.60%
1935	16,158,018	+2.13%
1940	17,820,950	+1.98%
1945	18,790,174	+1.06%
1950	20,947,188	+2.20%
1955	24,064,763	+2.81%
1960	27,754,820	+2.89%
1965	31,391,421	+2.49%
1970	35,605,176	+2.55%

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1975	40,347,719	+2.53%
1980	44,736,957	+2.09%
1985	50,664,458	+2.52%
1990	56,473,035	+2.19%
2000	67,803,927	+1.85%
2010	73,722,988	+0.84%
2015	78,741,053	+1.33%
2020	83,614,362	+1.21%
2021	84,680,273	+1.27%
2022	85,279,553	+0.71%
2023	85,372,377	+0.11%

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Turkish provinces in 2018-20

Life expectancy in Turkey according to the UN^[10]
Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	41.01	1985–1990	63.04
1955–1960	43.69	1990–1995	65.49
1960–1965	47.22	1995–2000	68.49
1965–1970	50.78	2000–2005	71.37
1970–1975	53.75	2005–2010	73.37
1975–1980	57.05	2010–2015	74.83
1980–1985	60.22	2015–2020	77.31

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2024, life expectancy was 76.7 years for the total population, 74.4 years for men and 79.2 years for women.^[3]^[11]

Urbanization

Istanbul experienced a rapid population growth (The gray areas are buildings)

According to the CIA World Factbook:^[3]

Urban population: 77.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.11% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)

Median age

According to the CIA World Factbook:^[3]

Total population: 34.0 years (2024 est.)
Male: 33.4 years
Female: 34.6 years

Sex ratio

According to the CIA World Factbook:^[3]

At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Literacy

According to the CIA World Factbook:^[3] Defined as people age 15 and over who can read and write, 2019 est.

Total population: 96.7%
Male: 99.1%
Female: 94.4%

2022 official estimates:^[12]

Total population: 97.6%
Male: 99.3%
Female: 95.9%

Vital statistics

UN estimates

The 2018 figures from the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs:^[13]

Period	Live births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR^[a]	CDR^[a]	NC^[a]	TFR^[a]	IMR^[a]
1950–1955	1,127,000	551,000	677,000	48.4	18.8	29.6	6.69	167.4
1955–1960	1,216,000	564,000	752,000	46.9	18.4	28.5	6.5	163.9
1960–1965	1,277,000	547,000	799,000	44.3	17.6	26.7	6.2	160.5
1965–1970	1,343,000	527,000	792,000	40.3	16.7	23.6	5.80	156.9
1970–1975	1,451,000	523,000	887,000	38.7	15.0	23.7	5.39	141.3
1975–1980	1,497,000	505,000	977,000	36.4	13.0	23.4	4.69	119.4
1980–1985	1,527,000	481,000	1,074,000	33.8	10.8	23.0	4.11	96.7
1985–1990	1,431,000	454,000	976,000	27.7	8.8	18.9	3.39	78.0
1990–1995	1,375,000	438,000	987,000	25.1	7.7	17.4	3.11	63.0
1995–2000	1,389,000	418,000	983,000	22.8	6.9	15.9	2.76	45.5
2000–2005	1,345,000	404,000	923,000	20.5	6.2	14.3	2.50	31.4
2005–2010	1,309,000	415,000	932,000	18.7	5.9	12.8	2.27	24.0
2010–2015	1,302,000	439,000	914,000	17.3	5.8	11.5	2.15	13.0
2015–2020	1,281,000	473,000	808,000	15.8	5.8	10.0	2.10
2020–2025	1,242,000	509,000	733,000	14.6	6.0	8.6	2.04
2025–2030	1,191,000	543,000	648,000	13.6	6.2	7.4	2.01
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Registered births and deaths

Birth statistics of Turkey from 2001 onward are from the Central Population Administrative System (MERNIS) database which is available online.^[14] Birth statistics are updated continually because MERNIS has dynamic structure.^[15]

In 2011 Turkey had a crude birth rate of 16.7 per 1000, in 2010 17.2, down from 20.3 in 2001. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2011 was 2.02 children per woman, in 2010 2.05. The crude birth rate in 2010 ranged from 11.5 per 1,000 in West Marmara (TFR 1.52) (11,5;1.55 in 2011), similar to neighbouring Bulgaria, to 27.9 per 1,000 in Southeast Anatolia (TFR 3.53) (27.1;3,42 in 2011), similar to neighbouring Syria. Similarly, in 2012, the TFR ranged from 1.43 in Kırklareli, to 4.39 in Şanlıurfa.^[16] Death statistics from MERNIS are available as of 2009. Mortality data prior to 2009 are incomplete.

	Population (31.12.)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death (per 1000)	Natural increase (per 1000)	Crude migration (per 1000)	Total fertility rate (TFR)
1990		1,392,000	388,000	1,004,000					3.11
1991		1,390,000	391,000	999,000					3.02
1992		1,388,000	394,000	994,000					2.94
1993		1,385,000	396,000	989,000					2.87
1994		1,372,000	399,000	973,000					2.81
1995		1,368,000	402,000	966,000					2.76
1996		1,386,000	419,000	967,000					2.70
1997		1,317,000	424,000	893,000					2.66
1998		1,318,000	426,000	892,000					2.61
1999		1,313,000	427,000	886,000					2.56
2000		1,307,000	422,000	885,000					2.50
2001		1,323,341	175,137	1,148,204	20.3				2.38
2002		1,229,555	175,434	1,054,121	18.6				2.40
2003		1,198,927	184,330	1,014,597	17.9				2.35
2004		1,222,484	187,086	1,035,398	18.1				2.31
2005		1,244,041	197,520	1,046,521	18.2				2.27
2006		1,255,432	210,146	1,045,286	18.1				2.24
2007	70,586,256	1,289,992	212,731	1,077,261	18.3	3.0	15.3		2.21
2008	71,517,100	1,295,511	215,562	1,079,949	18.1	3.0	15.1	-2.1	2.19
2009	72,561,312	1,266,751	369,703	897,048	17.6	5.1	12.5	2.0	2.10
2010	73,722,988	1,261,169	366,471	894,698	17.2	5.0	12.2	3.6	2.08
2011	74,724,269	1,252,812	376,162	876,650	16.9	5.1	11.8	1.7	2.05
2012	75,627,384	1,294,605	376,520	918,085	17.2	5.0	12.2	-0.2	2.11
2013	76,667,864	1,297,505	373,041	924,464	17.0	4.9	12.1	1.5	2.11
2014	77,695,904	1,351,088	391,091	959,997	17.5	5.1	12.4	0.9	2.19
2015	78,741,053	1,336,908	405,528	931,380	17.1	5.2	11.9	1.4	2.16
2016	79,814,871	1,316,204	422,964	893,240	16.6	5.3	11.3	2.3	2.11
2017	80,810,525	1,300,258	426,662	873,596	16.2	5.3	10.9	1.5	2.08
2018	82,003,882	1,256,282	426,785	829,497	15.4	5.2	10.2	4.4	2.00
2019	83,154,997	1,189,939	436,624	753,315	14.4	5.3	9.1	4.8	1.89
2020	83,614,362	1,117,942	509,048	608,894	13.4	6.1	7.3	-1.8	1.77
2021	84,680,273	1,083,336	566,485	516,851	12.9	6.7	6.2	6.4	1.71
2022	85,279,553	1,035,795	504,839	530,956	12.2	5.9	6.3	0.7	1.62
2023	85,372,277	958,408	525,814	432,594	11.2	6.2	5.0	-3.9	1.51

Birth and death rate by region and year

Birth and Death Rate by Region and Year

Birth Rate by Region and Year^[a]
Region	Population (2023)	Birth Rate (TFR)/2023	Birth Rate (TFR)/2022	Birth Rate (TFR)/2021	Birth Rate (TFR)/2020	Birth Rate (TFR)/2019	Birth Rate (TFR)/2018	Birth Rate (TFR)/2017	Birth Rate (TFR)/2016	Birth Rate (TFR)/2015	Birth Rate (TFR)/2014	Birth Rate (TFR)/2013	Birth Rate (TFR)/2012	Birth Rate (TFR)/2011	Birth Rate (TFR)/2010	Birth Rate (TFR)/2009
Turkey	85 372 377	11.2 (1.51)	12.2 (1.62)	12.9 (1.71)	13.4 (1.77)	14.4 (1.89)	15.4 (2.00)	16.2 (2.08)	16.6 (2.11)	17.1 (2.16)	17.5 (2.19)	17.0 (2.11)	17.2 (2.11)	16.9 (2.05)	17.2 (2.08)	17.6 (2.10)
İstanbul	15 655 924	9.9 (1.20)	10.7 (1.29)	11.5 (1.39)	12.4 (1.48)	13.6 (1.60)	14.8 (1.73)	15.6 (1.80)	16.3 (1.86)	16.7 (1.88)	17.0 (1.89)	16.4 (1.81)	16.5 (1.80)	15.9 (1.72)	16.3 (1.77)	16.4 (1.77)
West Marmara	3 808 146	8.9 (1.35)	9.4 (1.41)	9.6 (1.43)	10.1 (1.50)	10.6 (1.57)	11.5 (1.67)	11.8 (1.70)	11.9 (1.69)	12.0 (1.69)	12.1 (1.69)	11.9 (1.64)	11.9 (1.63)	11.6 (1.57)	11.5 (1.54)	11.7 (1.54)
Aegean	10 946 780	9.2 (1.34)	9.8 (1.41)	10.2 (1.45)	10.7 (1.50)	11.4 (1.58)	12.2 (1.68)	12.9 (1.75)	13.2 (1.76)	13.6 (1.80)	13.8 (1.80)	13.4 (1.73)	13.7 (1.74)	13.2 (1.66)	13.3 (1.66)	13.7 (1.69)
East Marmara	8 598 503	10.4 (1.41)	11.0 (1.48)	11.7 (1.56)	12.2 (1.61)	13.2 (1.72)	14.2 (1.83)	14.6 (1.87)	15.0 (1.89)	15.2 (1.90)	15.3 (1.88)	14.8 (1.80)	15.0 (1.80)	14.5 (1.71)	14.8 (1.74)	15.2 (1.77)
West Anatolia	8 387 683	10.2 (1.33)	10.9 (1.42)	11.4 (1.48)	12.0 (1.55)	13.0 (1.66)	14.1 (1.78)	14.7 (1.84)	15.1 (1.87)	15.5 (1.90)	15.8 (1.91)	15.4 (1.85)	15.4 (1.83)	15.2 (1.79)	15.4 (1.80)	15.8 (1.83)
Mediterranean	10 851 089	11.1 (1.57)	12.2 (1.71)	12.8 (1.77)	13.3 (1.83)	14.3 (1.96)	15.4 (2.08)	16.3 (2.18)	17.0 (2.24)	17.5 (2.29)	18.0 (2.32)	17.6 (2.24)	17.8 (2.23)	17.3 (2.14)	17.8 (2.18)	18.3 (2.20)
Central Anatolia	4 181 284	10.4 (1.45)	11.3 (1.56)	11.8 (1.62)	12.3 (1.68)	13.2 (1.79)	14.1 (1.89)	14.9 (1.99)	15.4 (2.05)	15.8 (2.09)	16.4 (2.14)	16.0 (2.06)	16.3 (2.07)	16.4 (2.06)	16.7 (2.08)	17.6 (2.16)
West Black Sea	4 730 539	8.4 (1.28)	9.0 (1.35)	9.4 (1.41)	9.8 (1.47)	10.6 (1.57)	11.2 (1.63)	11.6 (1.67)	11.9 (1.69)	12.2 (1.73)	12.7 (1.77)	12.8 (1.76)	13.0 (1.77)	13.0 (1.74)	13.6 (1.79)	14.2 (1.84)
East Black Sea	2 733 265	8.8 (1.34)	9.3 (1.39)	9.8 (1.45)	10.3 (1.52)	11.0 (1.61)	11.6 (1.69)	12.0 (1.73)	12.3 (1.77)	12.5 (1.78)	12.8 (1.81)	12.8 (1.77)	13.0 (1.78)	13.1 (1.77)	13.6 (1.81)	14.1 (1.86)
Northeast Anatolia	2 171 569	13.6 (1.75)	15.0 (1.92)	16.5 (2.11)	17.1 (2.18)	18.4 (2.36)	19.1 (2.45)	20.6 (2.64)	21.2 (2.72)	21.7 (2.79)	22.7 (2.90)	22.4 (2.85)	22.8 (2.90)	22.9 (2.90)	23.4 (2.97)	23.1 (2.91)
Central East Anatolia	3 896 971	14.3 (1.81)	16.0 (2.01)	16.8 (2.12)	17.8 (2.23)	19.3 (2.43)	20.0 (2.52)	21.1 (2.65)	21.2 (2.67)	21.9 (2.75)	23.0 (2.87)	22.6 (2.83)	22.5 (2.82)	22.9 (2.85)	23.6 (2.95)	23.9 (3.00)
Southeast Anatolia	9 410 624	19.3 (2.45)	21.3 (2.71)	22.7 (2.86)	22.5 (2.84)	23.8 (3.03)	25.5 (3.23)	26.6 (3.36)	26.7 (3.38)	27.8 (3.52)	28.7 (3.63)	27.6 (3.48)	28.0 (3.53)	27.7 (3.48)	28.2 (3.57)	28.3 (3.59)

Death Rate by Region and Year^[a]
Region	Population (2023)	Death Rate (2023)	Death Rate (2022)	Death Rate (2021)	Death Rate (2020)	Death Rate (2019)	Death Rate (2018)	Death Rate (2017)	Death Rate (2016)	Death Rate (2015)	Death Rate (2014)	Death Rate (2013)	Death Rate (2012)	Death Rate (2011)	Death Rate (2010)	Death Rate (2009)
Turkey	85 372 377	6.2	5.9	6.7	6.1	5.3	5.2	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.1	4.9	5.0	5.1	5.0	5.1
İstanbul	15 655 924	4.4	4.6	5.4	4.9	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.2
West Marmara	3 808 146	8.3	9.0	9.8	8.1	7.7	7.8	7.8	7.7	7.8	7.5	7.1	7.3	7.3	7.3	7.3
Aegean	10 946 780	7.1	7.7	8.2	7.5	6.7	6.6	6.6	6.6	6.4	6.1	5.9	6.2	6.2	5.9	6.0
East Marmara	8 598 503	5.9	6.3	7.3	6.3	5.6	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.5	5.4	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.6
West Anatolia	8 387 683	5.3	5.5	6.2	6.1	5.0	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.7	4.7	4.5	4.6	4.7	4.6	4.8
Mediterranean	10 851 089	8.5	5.7	6.5	5.8	5.0	4.9	4.9	5.0	4.8	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5
Central Anatolia	4 181 284	6.3	6.7	7.8	7.1	5.9	5.9	6.1	6.1	5.9	5.8	5.5	5.5	5.7	5.5	5.7
West Black Sea	4 730 539	8.1	8.8	9.9	8.5	7.6	7.6	7.6	7.6	7.4	7.3	6.9	7.0	7.0	6.8	7.0
East Black Sea	2 733 265	7.6	8.7	9.6	8.0	7.2	7.0	7.3	7.0	6.9	6.8	6.3	6.5	6.5	6.2	6.4
Northeast Anatolia	2 171 569	4.9	5.2	6.1	5.7	4.9	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.8	5.0	5.4	5.0	5.1
Central East Anatolia	3 896 971	4.5	4.3	5.2	5.1	4.1	4.0	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.5	4.4	4.5
Southeast Anatolia	9 410 624	4.9	3.5	4.3	4.2	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.7	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.6	3.7	3.8

Total births and deaths by region and year

Absolute Births and Deaths by Region and Year

Absolute Births by Region and Year^[a]
Region	Population (2023)	Births (2023)	Births (2022)	Births (2021)	Births (2020)	Births (2019)	Births (2018)	Births (2017)	Births (2016)	Births (2015)	Births (2014)	Births (2013)	Births (2012)	Births (2011)	Births (2010)	Births (2009)
Turkey	85 372 377	958,408	1,035,795	1,083,336	1,117,942	1,189,939	1,256,282	1,300,258	1,316,204	1,336,908	1,351,088	1,297,505	1,294,605	1,252,812	1,261,169	1,266,751
İstanbul	15 655 924	156,708	170,084	180,718	192,424	208,264	223,013	233,220	240,027	242,888	242,397	229,390	226,594	213,441	213,821	210,441
West Marmara	3 808 146	33,782	34,812	35,060	36,522	38,159	40,590	40,933	40,495	40,391	40,138	38,806	38,517	37,058	36,284	36,400
Aegean	10 946 780	100,371	106,284	109,564	113,538	120,023	127,579	132,868	134,176	137,187	137,438	132,299	133,419	127,833	128,112	129,927
East Marmara	8 598 503	89,106	93,238	97,590	99,942	106,064	112,164	113,462	113,585	112,635	111,115	105,761	105,203	99,704	100,386	100,928
West Anatolia	8 387 683	85,363	90,738	93,796	98,139	104,588	111,376	115,079	116,456	117,694	117,405	112,593	111,279	108,026	106,921	107,734
Mediterranean	10 851 089	121,168	134,115	138,127	142,483	150,950	159,689	166,815	171,561	174,874	177,272	170,686	169,985	163,817	166,123	167,506
Central Anatolia	4 181 284	43,099	46,628	48,257	50,332	53,825	56,527	58,933	60,381	61,569	63,446	61,669	62,634	62,989	64,216	67,174
West Black Sea	4 730 539	39,272	41,807	43,903	45,773	49,595	51,705	52,779	53,722	54,995	57,099	57,369	58,377	58,511	61,393	63,972
East Black Sea	2 733 265	23,931	25,073	26,202	27,682	29,627	31,002	31,556	32,092	32,144	32,817	32,558	32,774	32,836	34,272	35,565
Northeast Anatolia	2 171 569	29,457	32,640	36,004	37,557	40,613	41,915	45,262	46,609	47,720	49,996	49,605	50,781	50,779	51,578	50,778
Central East Anatolia	3 896 971	55,850	62,761	66,389	70,007	75,717	77,860	81,133	81,298	83,682	87,027	84,963	84,018	84,344	86,055	86,812
Southeast Anatolia	9 410 624	180,301	197,615	207,726	203,543	212,514	222,862	228,218	225,802	231,129	234,938	221,806	221,024	213,474	212,008	209,514

Absolute Deaths by Region and Year^[a]
Region	Population (2023)	Deaths (2023)	Deaths (2022)	Deaths (2021)	Deaths (2020)	Deaths (2019)	Deaths (2018)	Deaths (2017)	Deaths (2016)	Deaths (2015)	Deaths (2014)	Deaths (2013)	Deaths (2012)	Deaths (2011)	Deaths (2010)	Deaths (2009)
Turkey	85 372 377	525,814	504,839	566,485	509,048	436,624	426,785	426,662	422,964	405,528	391,091	373,041	376,520	376,162	366,471	369,703
İstanbul	15 655 924	69,937	73,751	84,243	76,407	63,486	62,594	63,372	62,572	60,093	58,009	54,770	54,696	53,165	52,812	53,761
West Marmara	3 808 146	31,176	33,315	35,752	29,385	27,589	27,456	27,219	26,416	26,145	24,864	23,229	23,496	23,167	23,007	22,687
Aegean	10 946 780	78,002	83,124	87,904	79,805	71,047	68,644	68,475	67,699	64,844	61,126	57,651	60,234	59,623	56,658	57,068
East Marmara	8 598 503	50,441	53,615	60,288	51,536	45,264	44,858	44,250	43,628	41,991	40,007	38,291	38,220	38,094	37,526	37,379
West Anatolia	8 387 683	44,744	45,783	51,273	50,005	39,814	39,382	38,910	37,765	35,814	34,589	33,219	33,369	33,097	32,270	32,976
Mediterranean	10 851 089	92,609	62,678	69,851	61,592	52,801	50,776	50,533	50,229	47,411	45,439	43,949	43,404	42,900	41,834	41,264
Central Anatolia	4 181 284	26,311	27,462	31,862	28,802	24,198	23,890	24,005	23,914	23,086	22,379	21,238	21,049	21,873	21,299	21,582
West Black Sea	4 730 539	38,210	40,926	46,100	39,595	35,366	34,984	34,748	34,359	33,355	32,772	31,011	31,476	31,651	30,541	31,279
East Black Sea	2 733 265	20,728	23,365	25,906	21,342	19,345	18,606	19,183	18,339	17,672	17,292	15,996	16,504	16,266	15,574	16,158
Northeast Anatolia	2 171 569	10,688	11,344	13,370	12,564	10,779	10,900	10,915	11,020	11,013	10,787	10,667	11,052	11,870	10,955	11,154
Central East Anatolia	3 896 971	17,528	16,953	20,460	19,979	15,969	15,530	16,086	16,132	15,685	15,441	15,430	15,419	16,551	16,114	16,491
Southeast Anatolia	9 410 624	45,440	32,523	39,476	38,036	30,966	29,165	28,966	30,891	28,419	28,386	27,590	27,601	27,905	27,881	27,904

Natural increase by region and year

Natural Increase by Region and Year

Natural Increase by Region and Year^[a]
Region	Population (2023)	Natural Increase (2022)	Natural Increase (2021)	Natural Increase (2020)	Natural Increase (2019)	Natural Increase (2018)	Natural Increase (2017)	Natural Increase (2016)	Natural Increase (2015)	Natural Increase (2014)	Natural Increase (2013)	Natural Increase (2012)	Natural Increase (2011)	Natural Increase (2010)	Natural Increase (2009)
Turkey	85 372 377	530 956/6.3	516 851/6.2	608 894/7.3	753 315/9.1	829 497/10.2	873 596/10.9	893 240/11.3	931 380/11.9	959 997/12.4	924 464/12.1	918 085/12.2	876 650/11.8	894 698/12.2	897 048/12.5
İstanbul	15 655 924	96 333/6.1	96 475/6.1	116 017/7.5	144 778/9.4	160 419/10.6	169 848/11.4	177 455/12.0	182 795/12.6	184 388/12.9	174 620/12.5	171 898/12.5	160 276/11.9	161 009/12.3	156 680/12.2
West Marmara	3 808 146	1 497/0.4	-692/-0.2	7 137/2.0	10 570/2.9	13 134/3.7	13 714/3.9	14 079/4.1	14 246/4.2	15 274/4.6	15 577/4.8	15 021/4.7	13 891/4.4	13 277/4.2	13 713/4.4
Aegean	10 946 780	23 160/2.1	21 660/2.0	33 733/3.2	48 976/4.7	58 935/5.6	64 393/6.2	66 477/6.5	72 343/7.2	76 312/7.7	74 648/7.6	73 185/7.5	68 210/7.0	71 454/7.4	72 859/7.7
East Marmara	8 598 503	39 623/4.7	37 302/4.4	48 406/5.9	60 800/7.6	67 306/8.5	69 212/8.9	69 957/9.2	70 644/9.5	71 108/9.8	67 470/9.5	66 983/9.6	61 610/8.9	62 860/9.3	63 549/9.6
West Anatolia	8 387 683	44 955/5.4	42 523/5.2	48 134/5.9	64 774/8.0	71 994/9.1	76 169/9.7	78 691/10.2	81 880/10.8	82 816/11.1	79 374/10.9	77 910/10.8	74 929/10.6	74 651/10.7	74 758/11.0
Mediterranean	10 851 089	71 437/6.5	68 276/6.3	80 891/7.5	98 149/9.3	108 913/10.5	116 282/11.4	121 332/12.0	127 463/12.8	131 833/13.4	126 737/13.1	126 581/13.2	120 917/12.8	124 289/13.3	126 242/13.8
Central Anatolia	4 181 284	19 166/4.6	16 395/4.0	21 530/5.2	29 627/7.3	32 637/8.2	34 928/8.8	36 467/9.3	38 483/9.9	41 067/10.6	40 431/10.5	41 585/10.8	41 116/10.7	42 917/11.2	45 592/12.0
West Black Sea	4 730 539	881/0.2	-2 197/-0.5	6 178/1.3	14 229/3.0	16 721/3.6	18 031/4.0	19 363/4.3	21 640/4.8	24 327/5.4	26 358/5.9	26 901/6.0	26 860/6.0	30 852/6.8	32 693/7.3
East Black Sea	2 733 265	1 708/0.6	296/0.2	6 340/2.3	10 282/3.8	12 396/4.6	12 373/4.7	13 753/5.3	14 472/5.6	15 525/6.1	16 562/6.5	16 270/6.4	16 570/6.6	18 698/7.4	19 407/7.7
Northeast Anatolia	2 171 569	21 296/9.8	22 634/10.4	24 993/11.4	29 834/13.5	31 015/14.1	34 347/15.6	35 589/16.2	36 707/16.7	39 209/17.8	38 938/17.6	39 729/17.8	38 909/17.6	40 623/18.5	39 624/18.0
Central East Anatolia	3 896 971	45 808/11.7	45 929/11.6	50 028/12.7	59 748/15.2	62 330/16.0	65 047/16.9	65 166/17.0	67 997/17.8	71 586/18.9	69 533/18.5	68 599/18.4	67 793/18.4	69 941/19.2	70 321/19.4
Southeast Anatolia	9 410 624	165 092/17.8	168 250/18.4	165 507/18.3	181 548/20.3	193 697/22.2	199 252/23.2	194 911/23.1	202 710/24.4	206 552/25.3	194 216/24.2	193 423/24.5	185 569/24.1	184 127/24.5	181 610/24.5

Historical fertility rate

Total Fertility Rate

Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):^[17]

Year	CBR (Total)	TFR (Total)	CBR (Urban)	TFR (Urban)	CBR (Rural)	TFR (Rural)
1993	22,9	2,7 (1,8)	21,7	2,4 (1,7)	24,0	3,1 (2,0)
1998	23,4	2,61 (1,9)	22,8	2,39 (1,9)	24,7	3,08 (2,1)

Total fertility rate by region in Turkey by Turkish General Census (GNS) and Turkish population and health research (TNSA).^[18]

	South-East	East	Mediterranean	Black Sea	Central	Aegean	Marmara	Turkey
TNSA 1978		6,31	3,77	4,99	4,26		2,89	4,33
GNS 1980	4,61	4,64	3,50	3,65	3,76	2,81	2,73	3,41
TNSA 1993		4,40	2,37	3,15	2,44		2,03	2,65
TNSA 1998		4,19	2,55	2,68	2,56		2,03	2,61
GNS 2000	4,31	3,72	2,43	2,28	2,29	1,96	1,88	2,53
TNSA 2003		3,65	2,30	1,94	1,86		1,88	2,23
GNS rural 2000	4,80	4,52	2,52	2,56	2,91	2,23	2,03	2,87
GNS urban 2000	4,05	3,08	2,38	2,01	2,05	1,80	1,85	2,20
GNS metropolitan 2000	3,81	2,34	2,41	1,87	1,89	1,60	1,83	2,03

Total fertility rate (TFR) by province and year

Figures from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat):^[19]

Turkey total fertility rate by province (2023)^[19]
  3–4

  2–3

  1.5 – 2

  1 – 1.5

Total fertility rate by province 1980^[19]

  5–6

  4–5

  3–4

  2–3

  1.5 – 2

  1 – 1.5

Total fertility rate by province (2013)^[19]

Total fertility rate by province (2014)^[19]

Total fertility rate by province (2015)^[19]

Total fertility rate by province (2019)^[19]

Total fertility rate by province (2020)^[19]

Total fertility rate by province (2021)^[19]

Total fertility rate by province (2022)^[19]

Total fertility rate by province (2023)^[19]

Total fertility rate development by province 2009–2015^[19]

  > 12%

  8 to 12%

  4 to 8%

  0 to 4%

  -4 to 0%

  -8 to −4%

  -12 to −8%

  < -12%

Province	Population (2023)^[20]	TFR (1980)^[18]	TFR (2000)	TFR (2009)	TFR (2010)	TFR (2011)	TFR (2012)	TFR (2013)	TFR (2014)	TFR (2015)	TFR (2016)	TFR (2017)	TFR (2018)	TFR (2019)	TFR (2020)	TFR (2021)	TFR (2022)	TFR (2023)
Turkey	85 372 377			2.12	2.08	2.05	2.11	2.10	2.18	2.15	2.11	2.07	1.99	1.88	1.76	1.71	1.62	1.51
İstanbul	15 655 924			1.77	1.77	1.72	1.80	1.81	1.89	1.88	1.86	1.80	1.73	1.60	1.48	1.39	1.29	1.20
West Marmara	3 808 146			1.54	1.54	1.57	1.63	1.64	1.69	1.69	1.68	1.69	1.66	1.56	1.49	1.43	1.41	1.35
Tekirdağ	1 167 059		1.83	1.69	1.67	1.72	1.79	1.82	1.88	1.94	1.93	1.93	1.92	1.77	1.65	1.59	1.53	1.45
Edirne	419 913	2.41	1.66	1.43	1.39	1.45	1.51	1.49	1.46	1.54	1.48	1.46	1.43	1.34	1.34	1.31	1.31	1.23
Kırklareli	377 156		1.70	1.38	1.39	1.35	1.45	1.45	1.56	1.55	1.48	1.53	1.48	1.43	1.40	1.30	1.31	1.24
Balıkesir	1 273 519		1.95	1.53	1.56	1.58	1.62	1.65	1.71	1.65	1.67	1.66	1.63	1.54	1.48	1.41	1.42	1.36
Çanakkale	570 499		1.68	1.50	1.44	1.53	1.58	1.52	1.57	1.55	1.56	1.57	1.56	1.47	1.39	1.32	1.28	1.29
Aegean	10 946 780			1.69	1.66	1.66	1.74	1.73	1.80	1.80	1.76	1.74	1.67	1.57	1.49	1.45	1.41	1.34
İzmir	4 479 525		1.75	1.57	1.54	1.56	1.66	1.64	1.72	1.72	1.68	1.65	1.59	1.48	1.39	1.36	1.31	1.22
Aydın	1 161 702		2.12	1.74	1.71	1.69	1.82	1.79	1.84	1.85	1.82	1.87	1.78	1.67	1.57	1.54	1.49	1.42
Denizli	1 059 082		2.19	1.73	1.66	1.70	1.74	1.76	1.87	1.86	1.80	1.79	1.71	1.61	1.55	1.50	1.47	1.41
Muğla	1 066 736		1.94	1.71	1.70	1.67	1.76	1.73	1.76	1.77	1.73	1.69	1.64	1.55	1.50	1.43	1.35	1.29
Manisa	1 475 716		2.14	1.78	1.77	1.79	1.86	1.89	1.94	1.93	1.91	1.86	1.83	1.75	1.68	1.64	1.61	1.57
Afyonkarahisar	751 344	3.74	2.82	2.06	2.01	2.01	2.03	1.98	2.09	2.08	2.01	1.97	1.89	1.84	1.74	1.67	1.61	1.53
Kütahya	575 674		2.19	1.55	1.60	1.53	1.55	1.52	1.58	1.59	1.52	1.50	1.43	1.34	1.31	1.21	1.18	1.16
Uşak	377 001		2.18	1.64	1.67	1.64	1.74	1.76	1.79	1.74	1.68	1.69	1.59	1.50	1.44	1.37	1.38	1.32
East Marmara	8 598 503			1.77	1.74	1.71	1.80	1.80	1.88	1.89	1.89	1.86	1.83	1.71	1.61	1.56	1.48	1.41
Bursa	3 214 571		1.98	1.78	1.77	1.73	1.85	1.85	1.90	1.92	1.91	1.88	1.86	1.74	1.65	1.57	1.47	1.41
Eskişehir	915 418		1.74	1.40	1.38	1.38	1.46	1.48	1.57	1.56	1.54	1.54	1.49	1.40	1.35	1.35	1.29	1.20
Bilecik	228 058		1.98	1.71	1.67	1.63	1.75	1.77	1.78	1.72	1.74	1.70	1.69	1.62	1.50	1.45	1.40	1.38
Kocaeli	2 102 907	3.23	2.13	1.90	1.87	1.82	1.91	1.91	2.04	2.07	2.04	2.01	1.96	1.85	1.70	1.66	1.58	1.49
Sakarya	1 098 115		2,23	1.87	1.82	1.78	1.85	1.83	1.91	1.93	1.95	1.94	1.94	1.80	1.68	1.68	1.55	1.52
Düzce	409 865		2.18	1.87	1.83	1.82	1.81	1.87	1.90	1.86	1.90	1.83	1.77	1.71	1.60	1.49	1.48	1.43
Bolu	324 789		1.93	1.60	1.57	1.64	1.59	1.64	1.66	1.60	1.62	1.56	1.52	1.46	1.36	1.37	1.31	1.24
Yalova	304 780		1.93	1.78	1.64	1.62	1.72	1.69	1.81	1.78	1.88	1.82	1.75	1.65	1.49	1.48	1.39	1.31
West Anatolia	8 387 683			1.83	1.80	1.79	1.83	1.85	1.91	1.90	1.86	1.83	1.77	1.65	1.54	1.48	1.42	1.33
Ankara	5 803 482		1.90	1.68	1.66	1.65	1.68	1.71	1.77	1.77	1.73	1.71	1.65	1.53	1.42	1.34	1.28	1.20
Konya	2 320 241		3.00	2.14	2.12	2.13	2.18	2.18	2.25	2.20	2.18	2.11	2.06	1.93	1.84	1.80	1.75	1.65
Karaman	263 960		2.77	2.15	1.95	1.98	2.02	2.09	2.04	2.12	2.09	2.06	1.95	1.85	1.77	1.66	1.60	1.51
Mediterranean	10 851 089			2.20	2.18	2.14	2.23	2.24	2.32	2.28	2.24	2.16	2.07	1.94	1.83	1.77	1.71	1.57
Antalya	2 696 249		1.93	1.91	1.87	1.84	1.93	1.91	1.96	1.98	1.94	1.84	1.76	1.63	1.54	1.48	1.37	1.31
Isparta	449 777		2.04	1.76	1.66	1.66	1.72	1.70	1.75	1.72	1.72	1.76	1.62	1.54	1.45	1.43	1.39	1.34
Burdur	277 452		2.12	1.74	1.73	1.68	1.66	1.68	1.79	1.79	1.74	1.66	1.58	1.50	1.41	1.37	1.36	1.37
Adana	2 270 298		2.68	2.18	2.14	2.12	2.21	2.25	2.34	2.32	2.26	2.22	2.12	2.01	1.87	1.83	1.82	1.68
Mersin	1 938 389		2.38	2.03	2.04	2.00	2.12	2.11	2.20	2.17	2.14	2.07	2.02	1.86	1.77	1.72	1.68	1.55
Hatay	1 544 640		2.97	2.57	2.54	2.51	2.63	2.62	2.82	2.74	2.69	2.58	2.49	2.37	2.20	2.15	2.04	1.78
Kahramanmaraş	1 116 618		3.54	2.70	2.68	2.66	2.68	2.74	2.74	2.64	2.60	2.53	2.38	2.22	2.10	2.00	1.94	1.72
Osmaniye	557 666		2.95	2.55	2.57	2.40	2.51	2.51	2.59	2.50	2.43	2.39	2.26	2.21	2.03	1.92	1.98	1.81
Central Anatolia	4 181 284			2.16	2.08	2.06	2.07	2.06	2.13	2.08	2.03	1.96	1.87	1.78	1.67	1.62	1.56	1.45
Kırıkkale	285 744		2.39	1.77	1.70	1.60	1.59	1.65	1.69	1.72	1.69	1.68	1.59	1.53	1.43	1.39	1.33	1.24
Aksaray	438 504		2.85	2.42	2.35	2.34	2.30	2.29	2.35	2.30	2.24	2.19	2.13	1.99	1.92	1.86	1.83	1.70
Niğde	377 080		2.98	2.40	2.28	2.23	2.32	2.25	2.33	2.19	2.20	2.08	1.99	1.92	1.76	1.72	1.69	1.58
Nevşehir	315 994		2.55	2.10	1.98	1.97	1.98	1.94	2.10	1.98	1.93	1.85	1.78	1.66	1.62	1.58	1.51	1.40
Kırşehir	247 179		2.40	1.72	1.69	1.69	1.75	1.78	1.86	1.82	1.79	1.76	1.73	1.65	1.49	1.40	1.38	1.29
Kayseri	1 445 683		2.62	2.21	2.14	2.16	2.18	2.17	2.25	2.19	2.13	2.02	1.96	1.85	1.71	1.66	1.60	1.46
Sivas	650 401		2.76	2.07	2.02	1.99	1.99	1.94	1.99	1.98	1.96	1.94	1.78	1.73	1.63	1.55	1.46	1.38
Yozgat	420 699		2.84	2.25	2.07	2.04	2.03	1.97	2.06	2.06	2.01	1.99	1.83	1.71	1.63	1.53	1.47	1.37
West Black Sea	4 730 539			1.84	1.79	1.74	1.77	1.76	1.77	1.73	1.69	1.66	1.63	1.56	1.46	1.41	1.35	1.28
Zonguldak	591 492		1.93	1.71	1.65	1.58	1.62	1.59	1.60	1.56	1.50	1.48	1.43	1.38	1.31	1.26	1.18	1.14
Karabük	255 242		1.99	1.67	1.60	1.62	1.54	1.59	1.56	1.57	1.46	1.50	1.49	1.41	1.29	1.32	1.21	1.14
Bartın	207 238		2.11	1.68	1.67	1.61	1.50	1.57	1.69	1.58	1.55	1.45	1.48	1.42	1.38	1.25	1.26	1.13
Kastamonu	388 990	3.44	2.18	1.70	1.69	1.64	1.69	1.68	1.59	1.63	1.59	1.50	1.54	1.47	1.41	1.39	1.39	1.28
Çankırı	205 501		2.27	1.97	1.93	1.91	1.84	1.78	1.86	1.78	1.84	1.75	1.69	1.69	1.67	1.69	1.51	1.42
Sinop	229 716	4.35	2.48	1.91	1.81	1.77	1.84	1.75	1.79	1.72	1.70	1.70	1.61	1.60	1.56	1.47	1.41	1.31
Samsun	1 377 546		2.55	1.87	1.81	1.77	1.83	1.83	1.85	1.82	1.80	1.78	1.75	1.65	1.51	1.43	1.38	1.32
Tokat	606 934		3.06	1.95	1.92	1.83	1.79	1.82	1.82	1.74	1.70	1.67	1.63	1.61	1.47	1.42	1.39	1.34
Çorum	528 351		2.66	1.93	1.90	1.86	1.96	1.89	1.97	1.85	1.86	1.79	1.73	1.68	1.57	1.52	1.45	1.33
Amasya	339 529		2.34	1.80	1.75	1.71	1.75	1.78	1.75	1.80	1.70	1.72	1.66	1.60	1.48	1.46	1.38	1.31
East Black Sea	2 733 265			1.86	1.81	1.77	1.78	1.77	1.80	1.78	1.76	1.71	1.68	1.60	1.51	1.45	1.39	1.34
Trabzon	824 352		2.10	1.87	1.82	1.78	1.80	1.79	1.84	1.86	1.85	1.82	1.79	1.68	1.56	1.53	1.43	1.39
Ordu	775 800		2.81	1.94	1.89	1.84	1.86	1.85	1.89	1.83	1.84	1.81	1.72	1.67	1.56	1.44	1.44	1.35
Giresun	461 712		2.31	1.74	1.74	1.65	1.66	1.64	1.65	1.64	1.57	1.56	1.55	1.49	1.40	1.33	1.32	1.28
Rize	350 506		2.01	1.80	1.76	1.75	1.73	1.80	1.79	1.79	1.79	1.75	1.76	1.65	1.57	1.53	1.41	1.40
Artvin	172 356		2.24	1.73	1.72	1.67	1.78	1.73	1.78	1.74	1.77	1.72	1.64	1.60	1.57	1.40	1.39	1.29
Gümüşhane	148 539		2.92	2.09	1.88	1.89	1.84	1.84	1.84	1.72	1.62	1.37	1.33	1.35	1.38	1.35	1.30	1.23
Northeast Anatolia	2 171 569			2.91	2.97	2.90	2.90	2.85	2.90	2.79	2.72	2.64	2.44	2.36	2.18	2.11	1.92	1.75
Erzurum	749 993		3.51	2.51	2.49	2.50	2.50	2.49	2.60	2.51	2.45	2.40	2.24	2.15	2.02	1.95	1.80	1.68
Erzincan	243 399		2.54	1.82	1.82	1.91	1.88	1.89	1.82	1.82	1.89	1.73	1.63	1.65	1.53	1.58	1.39	1.34
Bayburt	86 047		3.29	2.38	2.31	2.16	2.30	2.13	2.18	2.09	1.96	1.83	1.84	1.71	1.61	1.60	1.42	1.35
Ağrı	511 238		5.49	4.22	4.38	4.13	4.11	4.01	4.04	3.84	3.73	3.63	3.28	3.18	2.89	2.73	2.51	2.20
Kars	278 335		3.76	2.90	3.05	2.88	2.92	2.74	2.75	2.64	2.59	2.54	2.35	2.25	2.10	1.98	1.86	1.67
Iğdır	209 738		4.17	3.06	3.16	3.12	3.10	3.21	3.19	3.05	2.98	2.81	2.70	2.56	2.27	2.22	1.99	1.78
Ardahan	92 819		2.95	2.35	2.25	2.25	2.21	2.11	2.24	2.17	2.01	2.05	1.91	1.88	1.74	1.82	1.63	1.46
Central East Anatolia	3 896 971			3.00	2.95	2.85	2.82	2.83	2.87	2.75	2.67	2.65	2.52	2.43	2.23	2.12	2.01	1.81
Malatya	742 725	3.66	2.56	2.08	2.06	1.99	1.99	1.96	2.05	2.01	1.99	1.99	1.90	1.80	1.66	1.64	1.59	1.38
Elazığ	604 411		2.52	2.02	1.98	1.98	1.97	1.93	2.04	1.99	1.96	1.95	1.86	1.79	1.71	1.60	1.51	1.42
Bingöl	285 655		3.56	2.56	2.55	2.52	2.49	2.49	2.63	2.42	2.44	2.39	2.37	2.26	2.10	1.99	1.80	1.67
Tunceli	89 317	4.87	1.90	1.56	1.47	1.50	1.53	1.55	1.62	1.69	1.58	1.56	1.64	1.69	1.57	1.49	1.40	1.30
Van	1 127 612		6.00	3.93	3.84	3.66	3.58	3.64	3.54	3.37	3.20	3.15	2.96	2.85	2.56	2.35	2.28	2.03
Muş	399 879		4.18	3.93	3.94	3.66	3.65	3.59	3.71	3.49	3.37	3.42	3.25	3.16	2.85	2.77	2.53	2.24
Bitlis	359 747	6.01	5.03	3.80	3.71	3.52	3.49	3.44	3.47	3.40	3.30	3.23	3.07	2.90	2.70	2.65	2.48	2.21
Hakkâri	287 625		6.69	3.35	3.18	3.14	2.99	3.01	3.03	2.76	2.60	2.56	2.42	2.35	2.16	2.05	1.99	1.88
Southeast Anatolia	9 410 624			3.59	3.57	3.48	3.53	3.48	3.63	3.52	3.38	3.36	3.23	3.02	2.84	2.86	2.71	2.45
Gaziantep	2 164 134		3.83	3.15	3.07	3.04	3.15	3.17	3.28	3.19	3.06	2.93	2.85	2.62	2.47	2.48	2.39	2.10
Adıyaman	604 978		3.66	2.76	2.79	2.77	2.79	2.75	2.90	2.87	2.78	2.79	2.69	2.56	2.36	2.36	2.24	1.93
Kilis	155 179		3.54	2.93	3.01	2.83	2.99	2.96	3.13	3.03	2.87	2.83	2.75	2.55	2.48	2.47	2.34	2.06
Şanlıurfa	2 213 964		4.83	4.57	4.58	4.46	4.47	4.41	4.57	4.42	4.35	4.33	4.15	3.90	3.71	3.82	3.59	3.27
Diyarbakır	1 818 133		4.51	3.23	3.24	3.19	3.23	3.16	3.30	3.22	3.13	3.13	2.97	2.79	2.54	2.54	2.42	2.22
Mardin	888 874		4.98	3.46	3.53	3.35	3.46	3.33	3.55	3.46	3.26	3.28	3.15	3.00	2.76	2.79	2.62	2.40
Batman	647 205		5.27	3.70	3.64	3.43	3.42	3.34	3.41	3.25	3.11	3.08	2.90	2.72	2.55	2.57	2.39	2.18
Şırnak	570 745		7.06	4.69	4.51	4.26	4.21	4.19	4.27	4.09	3.51	3.76	3.63	3.39	3.23	3.19	2.94	2.72
Siirt	347 412		6.05	4.23	4.12	3.96	3.85	3.70	3.89	3.56	3.47	3.33	3.18	2.93	2.88	2.71	2.47	2.23

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (31.XII.2015) (Data based on Address Based Population Registration System.):^[21]^[22]^[23]

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
Total	39,511,191	39,229,862	78,741,053	100
0–4	3,275,520	3,105,996	6,381,516	8.10
5–9	3,252,811	3,084,908	6,337,719	8.05
10–14	3,166,860	3,000,125	6,166,985	7.83
15–19	3,382,363	3,203,137	6,585,500	8.36
20–24	3,224,168	3,089,999	6,314,167	8.02
25–29	3,178,350	3,084,899	6,263,249	7.95
30–34	3,252,171	3,175,879	6,428,150	8.16
35–39	3,134,041	3,069,282	6,203,323	7.88
40–44	2,788,425	2,764,155	5,552,580	7.05
45–49	2,337,087	2,252,992	4,590,079	5.83
50–54	2,317,534	2,315,375	4,632,909	5.88
55–59	1,843,354	1,837,816	3,681,170	4.68
60–64	1,515,065	1,593,402	3,108,467	3.95
65–69	1,100,734	1,255,651	2,356,385	2.99
70–74	737,892	888,292	1,626,184	2.07
75–79	501,411	682,335	1,183,746	1.50
80–84	339,904	470,584	810,488	1.03
85–89	128,879	261,571	390,450	0.50
90+	34,622	93,364	127,986	0.16

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9,695,191	9,191,029	18,886,220	23.99
15–64	26,972,558	26,387,036	53,359,594	67.77
65+	2,843,442	3,651,797	6,495,239	8.25

Structure of the population (31.XII.2016):

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
Total	40,043,650	39,771,221	79,814,871	100
0–4	3,314,542	3,144,753	6,459,295	8.09
5–9	3,253,345	3,084,099	6,337,444	7.94
10–14	3,147,133	2,981,910	6,129,043	7.68
15–19	3,400,443	3,222,876	6,623,319	8.30
20–24	3,247,764	3,117,959	6,365,723	7.98
25–29	3,169,360	3,076,681	6,246,041	7.83
30–34	3,196,645	3,113,766	6,310,411	7.91
35–39	3,275,175	3,219,158	6,494,333	8.14
40–44	2,833,655	2,800,662	5,634,317	7.06
45–49	2,412,875	2,335,639	4,748,514	5.95
50–54	2,381,640	2,374,604	4,756,244	5.96
55–59	1,855,171	1,860,565	3,715,736	4.66
60–64	1,636,510	1,706,438	3,342,948	4.19
65–69	1,132,464	1,280,073	2,412,537	3.02
70–74	763,121	917,371	1,680,492	2.11
75–79	512,607	689,443	1,202,050	1.51
80–84	336,206	473,119	809,325	1.01
85–89	136,238	265,520	401,758	0.50
90+	38,756	106,585	145,341	0.18

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9,715,020	9,210,762	18,925,782	23.71
15–64	27,409,238	26,828,348	54,237,586	67.95
65+	2,919,392	3,732,111	6,651,503	8.33

Structure of the population (31.XII.2017):

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
Total	40 535 135	40 275 390	80 810 525	100
0–4	3 326 591	3 155 258	6 481 849	8.02
5–9	3 254 177	3 086 592	6 340 769	7.85
10–14	3 188 333	3 022 537	6 210 870	7.69
15–19	3 351 043	3 175 544	6 526 587	8.08
20–24	3 294 336	3 162 174	6 456 510	7.99
25–29	3 163 889	3 067 653	6 231 542	7.71
30–34	3 189 075	3 107 849	6 296 924	7.79
35–39	3 308 413	3 252 283	6 560 696	8.12
40–44	2 891 799	2 849 020	5 740 819	7.10
45–49	2 556 364	2 498 790	5 055 154	6.26
50–54	2 349 139	2 326 316	4 675 455	5.79
55–59	1 977 328	1 989 399	3 966 727	4.91
60–64	1 651 215	1 720 023	3 371 238	4.17
65–69	1 188 986	1 322 918	2 511 904	3.11
70–74	784 614	952 653	1 737 267	2.15
75–79	533 757	715 428	1 249 185	1.55
80–84	330 240	471 436	801 676	0.99
85–89	152 317	282 516	434 833	0.54
90+	43 519	117 001	160 520	0.20

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9 769 101	9 264 387	19 033 488	23.55
15–64	27 732 601	27 149 051	54 881 652	67.91
65+	3 033 433	3 861 952	6 895 385	8.53

Structure of the population (31.XII.2018):

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
Total	41 139 980	40 863 902	82 003 882	100
0–4	3 327 780	3 157 206	6 484 986	7.91%
5–9	3 264 608	3 094 412	6 358 920	7.75%
10–14	3 254 277	3 086 146	6 340 423	7.73%
15–19	3 299 449	3 124 818	6 424 267	7.83%
20–24	3 347 297	3 199 832	6 547 129	7.98%
25–29	3 190 023	3 086 446	6 276 469	7.65%
30–34	3 205 205	3 127 948	6 333 153	7.72%
35–39	3 316 603	3 259 469	6 576 072	8.02%
40–44	2 953 329	2 892 697	5 846 026	7.13%
45–49	2 670 183	2 640 524	5 310 707	6.48%
50–54	2 372 182	2 329 142	4 701 324	5.73%
55–59	2 076 882	2 095 459	4 172 341	5.09%
60–64	1 692 130	1 753 731	3 445 861	4.20%
65–69	1 245 979	1 366 228	2 612 207	3.19%
70–74	835 353	1 021 569	1 856 922	2.26%
75–79	539 825	722 725	1 262 550	1.54%
80–84	318 882	474 854	793 736	0.97%
85–89	182 957	302 957	485 914	0.59%
90+	47 136	127 739	174 875	0.21%

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9 846 565	9 337 764	19 184 329	23.39%
15–64	28 123 283	27 510 066	55 633 349	67.84%
65+	3 170 132	4 016 072	7 186 204	8.76%

Structure of the population (31.XII.2019):

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
Total	41 721 136	41 433 861	83 154 997	100
0–4	3 254 719	3 090 417	6 345 136	7.63%
5–9	3 316 621	3 144 418	6 461 039	7.77%
10–14	3 288 207	3 117 963	6 406 170	7.70%
15–19	3 254 891	3 076 703	6 331 594	7.61%
20–24	3 392 374	3 231 704	6 624 078	7.97%
25–29	3 240 657	3 126 654	6 367 311	7.66%
30–34	3 221 381	3 141 636	6 363 017	7.65%
35–39	3 324 759	3 260 084	6 584 843	7.92%
40–44	3 016 898	2 950 486	5 967 384	7.18%
45–49	2 772 838	2 760 721	5 533 559	6.65%
50–54	2 367 577	2 307 796	4 675 373	5.62%
55–59	2 178 454	2 211 543	4 389 997	5.28%
60–64	1 754 500	1 800 269	3 554 769	4.27%
65–69	1 301 371	1 421 301	2 722 672	3.27%
70–74	907 850	1 109 063	2 016 913	2.43%
75–79	560 695	747 604	1 308 299	1.57%
80–84	323 732	493 998	817 730	0.98%
85–89	192 938	304 472	497 410	0.60%
90+	50 674	137 029	187 703	0.23%

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9 859 547	9 352 798	19 212 345	23.10%
15–64	28 524 329	27 867 596	56 391 925	67.82%
65+	3 337 260	4 213 467	7 550 727	9.08%

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2020):^[24]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	41 915 985	41 698 377	83 614 362	100
0–4	3 140 172	2 981 535	6 121 707	7.32
5–9	3 349 253	3 177 340	6 526 593	7.81
10–14	3 294 985	3 124 952	6 419 937	7.68
15–19	3 201 588	3 028 526	6 230 114	7.45
20–24	3 408 434	3 255 202	6 663 636	7.97
25–29	3 240 543	3 130 411	6 370 954	7.62
30–34	3 199 710	3 119 184	6 318 894	7.56
35–39	3 270 512	3 203 071	6 473 583	7.74
40–44	3 145 645	3 089 465	6 235 110	7.46
45–49	2 788 035	2 775 631	5 563 666	6.65
50–54	2 325 190	2 259 442	4 584 632	5.48
55–59	2 273 088	2 304 499	4 577 587	5.47
60–64	1 764 938	1 809 456	3 574 394	4.27
65–69	1 399 052	1 539 663	2 938 715	3.51
70–74	960 742	1 170 963	2 131 705	2.55
75–79	583 671	771 675	1 355 346	1.62
80–84	339 767	521 432	861 199	1.03
85–89	177 532	289 216	466 748	0.56
90+	53 128	146 714	199 842	0.24
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9 784 410	9 283 827	19 068 237	22.80
15–64	28 617 683	27 974 887	56 592 570	67.68
65+	3 513 892	4 439 663	7 953 555	9.51

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2021):^[24]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	42 428 101	42 252 172	84 680 273	100
0–4	3 033 029	2 880 580	5 913 609	6.98
5–9	3 398 812	3 225 390	6 624 202	7.82
10–14	3 304 851	3 133 301	6 438 152	7.60
15–19	3 203 519	3 026 190	6 229 709	7.36
20–24	3 445 410	3 296 170	6 741 580	7.96
25–29	3 296 919	3 179 980	6 476 899	7.65
30–34	3 212 668	3 129 119	6 341 787	7.49
35–39	3 228 063	3 158 145	6 386 208	7.54
40–44	3 294 071	3 253 091	6 547 162	7.73
45–49	2 838 766	2 823 495	5 662 261	6.69
50–54	2 403 726	2 350 758	4 754 484	5.61
55–59	2 337 304	2 369 876	4 707 180	5.56
60–64	1 776 254	1 835 662	3 611 916	4.27
65–69	1 508 990	1 647 458	3 156 448	3.73
70–74	982 573	1 192 451	2 175 024	2.57
75–79	598 307	794 411	1 392 718	1.64
80–84	340 568	520 841	861 409	1.02
85–89	169 807	286 741	456 548	0.54
90+	54 464	148 513	202 977	0.24
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9 736 692	9 239 271	18 975 963	22.41
15–64	29 036 700	28 422 486	57 459 186	67.85
65+	3 654 709	4 590 415	8 245 124	9.74

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2022):^[24]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	42 704 112	42 575 441	85 279 553	100
0–4	2 904 379	2 759 241	5 663 620	6.64
5–9	3 404 972	3 230 105	6 635 077	7.78
10–14	3 303 371	3 133 043	6 436 414	7.55
15–19	3 244 500	3 070 609	6 315 109	7.41
20–24	3 388 724	3 245 984	6 634 708	7.78
25–29	3 334 439	3 218 730	6 553 169	7.68
30–34	3 199 028	3 116 019	6 315 047	7.41
35–39	3 215 451	3 151 290	6 366 741	7.47
40–44	3 321 873	3 284 156	6 606 029	7.75
45–49	2 893 831	2 869 703	5 763 534	6.76
50–54	2 543 588	2 511 036	5 054 624	5.93
55–59	2 305 846	2 321 295	4 627 141	5.53
60–64	1 893 862	1 962 809	3 856 671	4.52
65–69	1 523 412	1 661 877	3 185 289	3.74
70–74	1 031 897	1 232 222	2 264 119	2.65
75–79	617 021	827 777	1 444 798	1.69
80–84	353 290	540 167	893 457	1.05
85–89	165 676	284 407	450 083	0.53
90+	58 952	154 971	213 923	0.25
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9 612 722	9 122 389	18 735 111	21.97
15–64	29 341 142	28 751 631	58 092 773	68.12
65+	3 750 248	4 701 421	8 451 669	9.91

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2023):^[24]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	42 734 071	42 638 306	85 372 377	100
0–4	2 741 873	2 606 181	5 348 054	6.26
5–9	3 368 825	3 197 661	6 566 486	7.69
10–14	3 283 764	3 113 329	6 397 093	7.49
15–19	3 283 511	3 113 008	6 396 519	7.49
20–24	3 317 007	3 158 513	6 475 520	7.59
25–29	3 330 851	3 212 210	6 543 061	7.66
30–34	3 172 482	3 094 683	6 267 165	7.34
35–39	3 190 762	3 138 484	6 329 246	7.41
40–44	3 298 682	3 265 956	6 564 638	7.69
45–49	2 932 767	2 894 024	5 826 791	6.83
50–54	2 637 680	2 634 986	5 272 666	6.18
55–59	2 315 313	2 311 209	4 626 522	5.42
60–64	1 980 198	2 055 612	4 035 810	4.73
65–69	1 554 059	1 686 354	3 240 413	3.80
70–74	1 077 788	1 267 553	2 345 341	2.75
75–79	656 329	886 599	1 542 928	1.81
80–84	357 820	546 603	904 423	1.06
85–89	163 397	288 413	451 810	0.53
90+	70 963	166 928	237 891	0.28
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9 394 462	8 917 171	18 311 633	21.45
15–64	29 459 253	28 878 685	58 337 938	68.33
65+	3 880 356	4 842 450	8 722 806	10.22

Immigration

Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and following Turkish War of Independence, an exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples from the Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, Circassians, Chechens, Lezgins), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), and Crete (Cretan Turks) took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements — Turkey, for example, receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia, Moldova, Georgia, Iran, and Azerbaijan, but also from Central Asia, Ukraine and Russia. Turkey's migrant crisis during the 2010s saw high numbers of people arriving in Turkey, particularly those fleeing the Syrian civil war.

As of August 2024, the number of refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey was estimated to be 3,097,660 people. The number of Syrians had decreased by 321,118 people in 2023.^[25] In 2022, nearly 100 000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.^[26]

In order to obtain Turkish citizenship there is a range of legal grounds, which can include: reunification with their family, marriage to a Turkish citizen, for the purchase of real estate worth $400,000 from a Turkish citizen or company.^[27] The minimum investment amount was increased in May 2022, previously it was enough to invest $250,000. Also the basis is to work in Turkey, training, business, medical treatment, refugee status.

In 2023 the foreign population of Türkiye decreased by 253,293 down to 1,570,543.^[28]

Population in Turkey by country of citizenship by the end of each years:^[24]

Country	2023	2022	2021	2020
Total people living in Turkey	85 372 377	85 279 553	84 680 273	83 614 362
Turkey	83 801 834 (98.16%)	83 455 717 (97.86%)	82 888 237 (97.88%)	82 280 952 (98.41%)
Total foreign population	1 570 543 (1.84%)	1 823 836 (2.14%)	1 792 036 (2.12%)	1 333 410 (1.59%)
Iraq	217 476 (0.25%)	275 305 (0.32%)	322 015 (0.38%)	281 074 (0.34%)
Afghanistan	164 131 (0.19%)	186 160 (0.22%)	183 567 (0.22%)	158 252 (0.19%)
Russian Federation	102 585 (0.12%)	151 049 (0.18%)	66 786 (0.08%)	43 679 (0.05%)
Iran	101 164 (0.12%)	117 026 (0.14%)	128 883 (0.15%)	68 561 (0.08%)
Turkmenistan	110 349 (0.13%)	116 447 (0.14%)	123 965 (0.15%)	91 218 (0.11%)
Germany	114 293 (0.13%)	110 453 (0.13%)	102 592 (0.12%)	92 284 (0.11%)
Syria	79 952 (0.09%)	99 360 (0.12%)	104 554 (0.12%)	88 907 (0.11%)
Azerbaijan	70 971 (0.08%)	68 884 (0.08%)	68 562(0.08%)	48 495 (0.06%)
Uzbekistan	54 594 (0.06%)	61 754 (0.07%)	71 145 (0.08%)	36 510 (0.04%)
Ukraine	40 483 (0.05%)	50 357 (0.06%)	23 377 (0.03%)	17 505 (0.02%)
Kazakhstan	44 133 (0.05%)	45 530 (0.05%)	39 454 (0.05%)	23 645 (0.03%)
Egypt	28 451 (0.03%)	33 040 (0.04%)	34 162 (0.04%)	25 475 (0.03%)
Palestine	21 612 (0.03%)	26 278 (0.03%)	28 027 (0.03%)	17 915 (0.02%)
Kyrgyzstan	22 477 (0.03%)	24 485 (0.03%)	26 541 (0.03%)	18 019 (0.02%)
Jordan	17 098 (0.02%)	22 733 (0.03%)	23 656 (0.03%)	14 260 (0.02%)
Libya	15 621 (0.02%)	21 677 (0.03%)	24 188 (0.03%)	18 607 (0.02%)
Austria	22 102 (0.03%)	21 311 (0.02%)	19 900 (0.02%)	18 047 (0.02%)
Somalia	14 011 (0.02%)	20 906 (0.02%)	28 081 (0.03%)	17 245 (0.02%)
Yemen	16 386 (0.02%)	19 099 (0.02%)	18 094 (0.02%)	14 927 (0.02%)
Morocco	16 699 (0.02%)	18 482 (0.02%)	20 520 (0.02%)	12 122 (0.01%)
United Kingdom	15 734 (0.02%)	17 193 (0.02%)	16 440 (0.02%)	13 985 (0.02%)
China	14 030 (0.02%)	16 880 (0.02%)	20 486 (0.02%)	18 740 (0.02%)
Bulgaria	16 899 (0.02%)	16 612 (0.02%)	15 426 (0.02%)	14 195 (0.02%)
Pakistan	13 903 (0.02%)	16 505 (0.02%)	17 290 (0.02%)	7 248 (0.01%)
Georgia	11 851 (0.01%)	14 680 (0.02%)	19 276 (0.02%)	15 661 (0.02%)
Greece	14 164 (0.02%)	13 583 (0.02%)	12 569 (0.01%)	12 137 (0.01%)
Nigeria	9 196 (0.01%)	12 928 (0.02%)	12 920 (0.02%)	7 120 (0.01%)
United States	10 655 (0.01%)	12 793 (0.02%)	12 773 (0.02%)	9 032 (0.01%)
Lebanon	8 864 (0.01%)	12 430 (0.01%)	13 242 (0.02%)	5 943 (0.01%)
Algeria	10 145 (0.01%)	12 248 (0.01%)	10 698 (0.01%)	5 914 (0.01%)
Sudan	10 371 (0.01%)	11 613 (0.01%)	9 538 (0.01%)	3 193 (<0.01%)
Indonesia	12 301 (0.01%)	11 280 (0.01%)	10 219 (0.01%)	5 226 (0.01%)
Netherlands	7 786 (0.01%)	8 104 (0.01%)	7 686 (0.01%)	6 550 (0.01%)
Tajikistan	6 251 (0.01%)	7 153 (0.01%)	7 965 (0.01%)	3 626 (<0.01%)
Moldova	5 842 (0.01%)	6 790 (0.01%)	7 546 (0.01%)	6 295 (0.01%)
Kuwait	5 699 (0.01%)	6 190 (0.01%)	5 498 (0.01%)	3 559 (<0.01%)
Ethiopia	3 724 (<0.01%)	6 165 (0.01%)	6 633 (0.01%)	2 936 (<0.01%)
Tunisia	5 172 (0.01%)	6 075 (0.01%)	6 033 (0.01%)	2 961 (<0.01%)
Belarus	4 440 (0.01%)	5 169 (0.01%)	3 873 (<0.01%)
India	6 699 (0.01%)	4 669 (0.01%)	3 092 (<0.01%)
France	4 102 (<0.01%)	4 526 (0.01%)	4 294 (0.01%)	3 181 (<0.01%)

Internal migration

Place of origin (rows) versus place of residence (columns) for Turkish citizens in 2014^[29]
Regions	İstanbul	West Marmara	Aegean	East Marmara	West Anatolia	Mediterranean	Central Anatolia	West Black Sea	East Black Sea	Northeast Anatolia	Central East Anatolia	Southeast Anatolia	Total Population
İstanbul	2,162,588	79,009	72,123	84,689	38,802	38,673	4,858	11,976	9,147	3,533	3,667	4,754	2,513,819
West Marmara	523,725	2,378,938	187,256	135,364	44,409	27,376	5,140	10,238	4,513	5,273	7,110	8,861	3,338,203
Aegean	297,143	76,518	7,047,801	210,522	134,073	166,785	16,606	22,252	10,354	14,936	20,388	28,224	8,045,602
East Marmara	520,698	67,299	131,586	4,317,877	187,043	61,782	10,715	33.371	10,701	8,074	9,775	12,286	5,371,207
West Anatolia	272,835	35,919	259,387	127,794	3,721,634	192,934	49,942	29,545	8,468	10,360	13,727	20,850	4,743,395
Mediterranean	470,673	53,295	250,529	111,393	228,398	7,329,964	100,729	32,461	16,963	21,667	46,013	181,874	8,843,959
Central Anatolia	1,346,007	92,421	297,114	235,407	1,223,857	305,343	3,466,971	70,729	16,604	20,204	32,153	36,818	7,143,628
West Black Sea	2,637,016	186,103	252,628	458,730	956,151	133,053	54,578	3,982,185	42,935	18,878	21,757	27,735	8,771,749
East Black Sea	1,918,805	96,494	152,843	529,110	241,801	70,823	19,104	198,869	2,382,704	33,854	11,852	13,140	5,669,399
Northeast Anatolia	1,580,876	120,086	504,588	593,882	344,929	101,600	63,029	34,656	32,761	2,009,253	39,921	20,576	5,446,157
Central East Anatolia	1,293,157	86,315	359,161	299,390	167,451	393,102	31,612	22,064	11,070	31,709	3,438,577	133,862	6,267,470
Southeast Anatolia	1,197,959	65,538	445,279	174,765	156,489	1,002,771	33,876	23,666	11,689	22,036	150,028	7,738,941	11,023,037
Total population	14,221,482	3,337,935	9,960,295	7,278,923	7,445,037	9,824,206	3,857,160	4,472,012	2,557,909	2,199,777	3,794,968	8,227,921	77,177,625

Ethnicity

Modern Turkey was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as secular (Laiklik, Turkish adaptation of French Laïcité), i.e. without a state religion, or separate ethnic divisions/ identities. The concept of "minorities" has only been accepted by the Republic of Turkey as defined by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) and thence strictly limited to Greeks, Jews and Armenians, only based on religious affiliation, excluding from the scope of the concept the ethnic identities of these minorities as of others such as the Kurds who make up 15% of the country; others include Assyrians of various Christian denominations, Alevis and all the others.^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33] Provisions of the Lausanne Treaty were extended to Bulgarians in Turkey by the Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty (Türkiye ve Bulgaristan Arasındaki Dostluk Antlaşması) of 18 October 1925.^[32]^[34]^[35]^[36] According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey), as of 2008, there were 89,000 Turkish citizens belonging to one of the three recognized minorities, two thirds of Armenian descent.^[37] On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court unanimously ruled that the Assyrians were included as beneficiaries of the Lausanne Treaty,^[38] so that Assyrians were allowed to open the first school teaching in their mother tongue.^[39]^[40]

The word Turk or Turkish also has a wider meaning in a historical context because, at times, especially in the past, it has been used to refer to all Muslim inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire irrespective of their ethnicity.^[41]

According to the 2016 edition of the CIA World Factbook, 70–75% of Turkey's population consists of ethnic Turks, with Kurds accounting for 19% and other minorities between 6 and 11%.^[3] According to Milliyet, a 2008 report prepared for the National Security Council of Turkey by academics of three Turkish universities in eastern Anatolia suggested that there are approximately 55 million ethnic Turks, 9.6 million Kurds, 3 million Zazas, 2.5 million Circassians, 2 million Bosniaks, 500,000–1.3 million Albanians, 1,000,000 Georgians, 870,000 Arabs, 600,000 Pomaks, 80,000 Laz, 60,000 Armenians, 30,000 British, 25,000 Assyrians, 20,000 Jews, 15,000 Greeks, and 500 Yazidis living in Turkey.^[42]

According to a survey published in 2022 by Konda Research, Turks make up 77% of the population, while 19% self-identify as Kurd. Arabs (Syrian refugees excluded) make up 2%, and other ethnic groups are 2% of the population.^[43]

Since the immigration to the big cities in the west of Turkey, interethnic marriage has become more common. A recent study estimates that there are 2,708,000 marriages between Turks and Kurds.^[44]

According to a survey done in March 2020 by Area Araştırma, 20.4% of the total population of Turkey claim to be Kurdish (either Kurmanji speaking or Zazaki speaking).

Ethnolinguistic estimates in 2014 by Ethnologue and Jacques Leclerc:^[45]^[46]^[47]

People	Population	Percentage	Language	Status
Anatolian Turks	53,402,000	70.6%	Turkish	1 (National)
Kurmanji Kurds	8,127,000	10.7%	Kurmanji	3 (Wider communication)
Turcophones, Kurds	5,881,000	7.7%	Turkish	1 (National)
Zaza	1,155,000	1.5%	Zaza	5 (Developing)
Arabs	1,133,000	1.4%	Levantine Arabic
Kabardians, Circassians	1,062,000	1.4 %	Kabardian	5 (Developing)
Iraqi Arabs	722,000	0.9%	Mesopotamian Arabic	6a (Vigorous)
Azerbaijani	540,000	0.7%	Azerbaijani	5 (Developing)
Romani	500,000 (1985)	0.7%	Romani, Domari
Gagauzes	418,000	0.5%	Balkan Gagauz Turkish	7 (Shifting)
Pomaks	351,000	0.4%	Bulgarian	5 (Dispersed)
Pontic Greeks	321,000	0.4%	Pontic Greek	6a (Vigorous)
Adyghe, Circassians	316,000	0.4%	Adyghe	5 (Developing)
Alevi Kurds	184,000	0.2%	Zazaki
Georgians	151,000	0,1 %	Georgian	6b (Threatened)
Bosniaks	101,000	0.1%	Bosnian
Chechens	101,000	0.1%	Chechen
Crimean Tatars	100,000	0.1%	Crimean Tatar	5 (Developing)
Lazi	93,000	0.1%	Laz language	6b (Threatened)
Karakalpaks	74,000		Karakalpak
Albanians	66,000		Tosk Albanian	6b (Threatened)
Armenians	61,000		Armenian	6b (Threatened)
Abkhazians	44,000		Abkhazian	6b (Threatened)
Han Chinese	38,000		Chinese
Ossetians	37,000		Ossetian
British	35,000		English
Bulgarians	32,000		Bulgarian
Jews	30,000		Turkish, Ladino	7 (Shifting)
Tatars	26,000		Tatar
Assyrians	25,000		Neo-Aramaic
Pakistanis	22,000		Urdu
Assyrians	15,000		Turoyo	6b (Threatened)
Turks other (Hemshin, Meskhetian Turks, Gajal)	57,000		Turkish
Kurds other (Herki and Shikaki)	62,000		Kurdish
Other	180,000
Total	75,566,800

Languages

No exact data is available concerning the different ethnic groups in Turkey. The last census data according to language date from 1965 and major changes may have occurred since then. However, it is clear that the Turkish are in the majority, while the largest minority groups are Kurds and Arabs. Smaller minorities are the Armenians, Greeks and others.


Language	Census 1927		Census 1935		Census 1945		Census 1950		Census 1955		Census 1960		Census 1965
Language	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Turkish	11,778,810	86.42	13,899,073	86.02	16,598,037	88.34	18,254,851	87.15	21,622,292	89.85	25,172,535	90.70	28,175,579	89.76
Kurdish	1,184,446	8.69	1,480,246	9.16	1,476,562	7.9	1,680,043	8.02	1,679,265	6.98	1,847,674	6.66	2,219,599	7.07
Zazaki	1,184,446	8.69	1,480,246	9.16	1,476,562	7.9	174,526	0.70	1,679,265	6.98	1,847,674	6.66	150,644	0.48
Arabic	134,273	0.98	153,687	0.95	247,294	1.3	269,038	1.28	300,583	1.25	347,690	1.25	365,340	1.16
Circassian	95,901	0.70	91,972	0.57	66,691	0.4	75,837	0.36	77,611	0.32	63,137	0.23	58,339	0.19
Greek	119,822	0.88	108,725	0.67	88,680	0.47	89,472	0.43	79,691	0.33	65,139	0.23	48,096	0.15
Armenian	64,745	0.48	57,599	0.36	47,728	0.3	52,776	0.25	56,235	0.23	52,756	0.19	33,094	0.11
Georgian	-	-	57,325	0.35	40,076	0.21	72,604	0.35	51,983	0.22	32,944	0.12	34,330	0.11
Laz	-	-	63,253	0.39	39,323	0.21	70,423	0.34	30,566	0.13	21,703	0.08	26,007	0.08
other	251,491	1.85	227,544	1.41	185,783	0.99	207,618	0.99	166,537	0.69	151,242	0.54	280,403	0.89
Total	13,629.488	100	16,157,450	100	18,790,174	100	20,947,188	100	24,064,763	100	27,754,820	100	31,391,421	100
Sources:^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]

A possible list of ethnic groups living in Turkey could be as follows:^[55]

Turkic-speaking peoples: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Karachays, Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars and Uyghurs
Indo-European-speaking peoples: Kurds, Zazas,^[56] Megleno-Romanians,^[47] Bosniaks, Albanians, Pomaks, Ossetians, Armenians, Hamshenis, Goranis and Greeks
Semitic-speaking peoples: Arabs, Jews and Assyrians
Caucasian-speaking peoples: Circassians, Georgians, Lazs and Chechens

Religion

Turkey has officially been a secular country since its 1924 constitution was amended in 1928. This was later strengthened and entrenched with the wider appliance of laicism by founder Atatürk during the mid-1930s, as part of the Republican reforms.

There are no official statistics of people's religious beliefs nor is it asked in the census. According to the United States Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report 2008, the Turkish government considers 99 percent of the population is Muslim, the majority of which is Hanafi Sunni.^[57] A similar figure can be found in the current US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) the World Factbook (99.8%).^[3] The remaining 0.2% is other - mostly Christians and Jews.^[3] However, these are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national id card, that is automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Religious records can be changed or even blanked on the request of citizen, by filing an e-government application since May 2020, using a valid electronic signature to sign the electronic application. Any change in religion records additionally results in a new ID card being issued. Any change in religion record also leaves a permanent trail in the census record, however, record of change of religion is not accessible except for the citizen in question, next-of-kins of the citizen in question, the citizenship administration and courts.^[58]

In 2023, according to Ipsos, 83% are Muslim, 12% have no religion, 2% prefer not to say, 2% are Christian and 2% are other religions.^[59] In a similar survey in 2016, Islam comprised 82% of the total population (65% Sunni and 4% Shi'a), followed by 7% no religion, 6% Spiritual but not religious, 4% Atheism, 3% Agnosticism, 2% Christian, 1% Protestantism, 1% Buddhism, 1% Mahayana and 1% other.^[60]

In 2018, a poll conducted by Eurobarometer and KONDA Research and Consultancy and some other research institutes showed that 3% of those interviewed had no religion.^[61]^[62] In 2013, the same institutions showed that around 0.5% of the population had no religion.

Between 8 million^[63] and 20 million Turks are Alevis.^[57]

In 2006, in a poll conducted by Sabancı University, 98.3% of Turks revealed they were Muslim.^[64] In 2005, a Eurobarometer poll on Europeans views on ethics in science and technology reported 95% of Turkish citizens answered that "they believe there is a God", while about 2% responded "I believe there is so me sort of spirit or life force", about 1% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force" and about 1% "DK" (that they don't know).^[65] Similar figures were found in some other European countries.^[65]

There is concern over the future of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which suffers from a lack of trained clergy due to the closure of the Halki seminary. The state does not recognise the Ecumenical status of the Patriarch of Constantinople.^[66]

Muslim and non-Muslim population in Turkey, 1914–2005 (in thousands)^[67]
Year	1914	1927	1945	1965	1990	2005
Muslims	12,941	13,290	18,511	31,139	56,860	71,997
Greeks	1,549	110	104	76	8	3
Armenians	1,204	77	60	64	67	50
Jews	128	82	77	38	29	27
Others	176	71	38	74	50	45
Total	15,997	13,630	18,790	31,391	57,005	72,120
Percentage non-Muslim	19.1	2.5	1.5	0.8	0.3	0.2

The percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey fell from 19.1% in 1914 to 2.5% percent in 1927.^[67] The drop was the result of the late Ottoman genocides, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey^[68] and the emigration of Christians.^[69] The 1942 Wealth Tax on non-Muslims, the emigration of many of Turkish Jews to Israel after 1948, and the 1955 Istanbul pogrom further contributed to the decline of Turkey's non-Muslim population.

Religiosity

In 2018, according to a KONDA survey, the religiosity was the following:^[70]^[71]

51% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
34% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
10% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
2% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
3% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old:^[72]

43% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
45% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
5% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
4% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
4% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

According to the 2007 KONDA survey:^[73]

52.8% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
34.3 % defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
9.7% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
2.3% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
0.9% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

In a 2006 Pew Research Center survey, 69% of Turkey's Muslims said that "religion is very important in their lives".^[74] Based on the Gallup Poll 2006–08, Turkey was defined as More religious, in which over 63 percent of people believe religion is important.^[75]^[76]

Around 2007, according to the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, 62% of women wore the headscarf or hijab in Turkey.^[77]^[78]^[79]

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^ TurkStat
^ Kaya, Nurcan (24 November 2015). "Teaching in and Studying Minority Languages in Turkey: A Brief Overview of Current Issues and Minority Schools". European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 12 (1): 315–338. doi:10.1163/9789004306134_013. ISSN 2211-6117. Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. [...] Private language teaching courses teach 'traditionally used languages', elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.
^ Toktas, Sule (2006). "EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities". East European Quarterly. 40: 489–519. ISSN 0012-8449. Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.
^ ^a ^b Bayır, Derya (2013). Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law. Cultural diversity and law. Farnham: Ashgate. pp. 88–90, 203–204. ISBN 978-1-4094-7254-4. Oran farther points out that the rights set out for the four categories are stated to be the 'fundamental law' of the land, so that no legislation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations or prevail over them (article 37). [...] According to the Turkish state, only Greek, Armenian and Jewish non-Muslims were granted minority protection by the Lausanne Treaty. [...] Except for non-Muslim populations - that is, Greeks, Jews and Armenians - none of the other minority groups' language rights have been de jure protected by the legal system in Turkey.
^ Phillips, Thomas James (16 December 2020). "The (In-)Validity of Turkey's Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 27 (1): 66–93. doi:10.1163/15718115-02701001. ISSN 1385-4879. The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that "the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities" and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to "Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)".
^ Toktaş, Şule; Araş, Bulent (2009). "The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey". Political Science Quarterly. 124 (4): 697–720. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 25655744.
^ Köksal, Yonca (2006). "Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation". Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 6 (4): 501–521. doi:10.1080/14683850601016390. ISSN 1468-3857.
^ Özlem, Kader (2019). "An Evaluation on Istanbul's Bulgarians as the "Invisible Minority" of Turkey". Turan-Sam. 11 (43): 387–393. ISSN 1308-8041.
^ "Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey". Today's Zaman. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
^ Akbulut, Olgun (19 October 2023). "For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. -1 (aop): 1–24. doi:10.1163/15718115-bja10134. ISSN 1385-4879.
^ Sabah, Daily (26 August 2019). "Last 17 years a golden era for minority communities, witnessing period of increased rights". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
^ "Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Nefret suçlarına göz yumanlar, farklı kültürlerin bir arada yaşama iradesini dinamitlemektedir". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
^ American Heritage Dictionary (2000). "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition – "Turk"". Houghton Mifflin Company. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
^ "Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı!". Milliyet (in Turkish). 6 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
^ "TR100". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
^ Kurdish Life in Contemporary Turkey: Migration, Gender and Ethnic Identity, Anna Grabolle Celiker, page 160, I.B.Tauris, 2013
^ "Turkey". Ethnologue.
^ "Turquie: situation générale". Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ ^a ^b Kahl, Thede (2006). "The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey". Nationalities Papers. 34 (1): 71–90. doi:10.1080/00905990500504871. S2CID 161615853.
^ "UN Demographic Yearbooks". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
^ Dundar, Fuat. Türkiye Nüfus Sayimlarinda Azinliklar, 2001.
^ http://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0015557.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
^ https://cdn.teyit.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/nufustahriri.pdf
^ Guzgulu, Derya (1 January 2019). "1950 Türkiye genel nüfus sayımının coğrafi analizi". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/54798
^ http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/58743.pdf
^ Andrews, Peter A. Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey., Beiheft Nr. B 60, Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Wiesbaden: Reichert Publications, 1989, ISBN 3-89500-297-6; + 2nd enlarged edition in 2 vols., 2002, ISBN 3-89500-229-1
^ "A Quest for Equality: Minorities in Turkey" (PDF). www.avrupa.info.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b International Religious Freedom Report 2008 U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2009-09-15.
^ "e-Devlet'te yeni hizmet: Din değişikliği yapılabilecek". A3 Haber (in Turkish). 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ "Global Religion – Religious Beliefs Across the World" (PDF). Ipsos. May 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
^ "Religion". Ipsos. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
^ "KONDA Toplumsal Değişim Raporu: Türkiye'de inançsızlık yükselişte". euronews (in Turkish). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ tr:Türkiye demografisi#N.C3.BCfus Piramidi^{[circular reference]}
^ Shankland, David (2003). The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-7007-1606-8.
^ "Ankette Mezhep Soruları". archive.vn. 2 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Social values, Science and Technology" (PDF). Eurobarometer. June 2005. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
^ "Fener Rum Patrikhanesinin "ekümeniklik" İddiasına İlişkin Basın Açıklamamız". www.fatih.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2): 358–389. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937. S2CID 143541451. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
^ Chapter The refugees question in Greece (1821–1930) in "Θέματα Νεοελληνικής Ιστορίας", ΟΕΔΒ ("Topics from Modern Greek History"). 8th edition (PDF), Nikolaos Andriotis, 2008
^ Quarterly, Middle East (2001). "'Editors' Introduction: Why a Special Issue?: Disappearing Christians of the Middle East" (PDF). Middle East Quarterly. Editors' Introduction. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
^ "KONDA Toplumsal Değişim Raporu: Türkiye'de inançsızlık yükselişte". euronews (in Turkish). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
^ "Hayat Tarzı – 10 Yılda Ne Değişti?". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
^ "Hayat Tarzı – 10 Yılda Gençlerde Ne Değişti?". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
^ KONDA Research and Consultancy (8 September 2007). "Religion, Secularism and the Veil in daily life" (PDF). Milliyet. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.
^ Wike, Richard; Juliana Menasce Horowitz (26 July 2006). "Lebanon's Muslims: Relatively Secular and Pro-Christian". Pew Global Attitudes Project.
^ "2009 Gallup poll Gallup Poll". Gallup.com. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
^ Gallup World View Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ Lamb, Christina (23 April 2007). "Head scarves to topple secular Turkey?". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008.
^ Lamb, Christina (6 May 2007). "Headscarf war threatens to split Turkey". Times Online. London. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008.
^ Clark-Flory, Tracy (23 April 2007). "Head scarves to topple secular Turkey?". Salon.com. Retrieved 4 August 2008.

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e All data taken from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Data is for xxxx-12-31.

External links

[abbr-14] CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

[1] "TURKSTAT Corporate". data.tuik.gov.tr. Retrieved 25 May 2024.

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[TurkStat2022AddressBased-6] "TÜİK Kurumsal".

[IEApop2011-7] CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Population 1971–2008 (pdf Archived 2012-01-06 at the Wayback Machine pages 83–85) IEA (OECD/ World Bank) original population ref e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010, p. 57.

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[data.tuik.gov.tr-26] "TÜİK Kurumsal".

[27] "Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association". multeciler.org.tr.

[28] Airport, Turkish Airlines planes are parked at the new Istanbul (24 July 2023). "Russian migration to Turkey spikes by 218% in aftermath of Ukraine war - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com.

[29] "Условия приобретения гражданства Турции". Гражданство Турции. Retrieved 1 June 2022.

[30] "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023".

[31] TurkStat

[Kaya2015-32] Kaya, Nurcan (24 November 2015). "Teaching in and Studying Minority Languages in Turkey: A Brief Overview of Current Issues and Minority Schools". European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 12 (1): 315–338. doi:10.1163/9789004306134_013. ISSN 2211-6117. Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. [...] Private language teaching courses teach 'traditionally used languages', elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.

[Toktas2006-33] Toktas, Sule (2006). "EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities". East European Quarterly. 40: 489–519. ISSN 0012-8449. Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.

[Bayır2013-34] Bayır, Derya (2013). Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law. Cultural diversity and law. Farnham: Ashgate. pp. 88–90, 203–204. ISBN 978-1-4094-7254-4. Oran farther points out that the rights set out for the four categories are stated to be the 'fundamental law' of the land, so that no legislation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations or prevail over them (article 37). [...] According to the Turkish state, only Greek, Armenian and Jewish non-Muslims were granted minority protection by the Lausanne Treaty. [...] Except for non-Muslim populations - that is, Greeks, Jews and Armenians - none of the other minority groups' language rights have been de jure protected by the legal system in Turkey.

[Phillips2020-35] Phillips, Thomas James (16 December 2020). "The (In-)Validity of Turkey's Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 27 (1): 66–93. doi:10.1163/15718115-02701001. ISSN 1385-4879. The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that "the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities" and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to "Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)".

[36] Toktaş, Şule; Araş, Bulent (2009). "The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey". Political Science Quarterly. 124 (4): 697–720. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 25655744.

[37] Köksal, Yonca (2006). "Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation". Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 6 (4): 501–521. doi:10.1080/14683850601016390. ISSN 1468-3857.

[Özlem2019-38] Özlem, Kader (2019). "An Evaluation on Istanbul's Bulgarians as the "Invisible Minority" of Turkey". Turan-Sam. 11 (43): 387–393. ISSN 1308-8041.

[39] "Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey". Today's Zaman. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2008.

[40] Akbulut, Olgun (19 October 2023). "For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. -1 (aop): 1–24. doi:10.1163/15718115-bja10134. ISSN 1385-4879.

[41] Sabah, Daily (26 August 2019). "Last 17 years a golden era for minority communities, witnessing period of increased rights". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 21 October 2023.

[42] "Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Nefret suçlarına göz yumanlar, farklı kültürlerin bir arada yaşama iradesini dinamitlemektedir". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 21 October 2023.

[43] American Heritage Dictionary (2000). "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition – "Turk"". Houghton Mifflin Company. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2006.

[Milliyet-44] "Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı!". Milliyet (in Turkish). 6 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.

[45] "TR100". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 16 May 2022.

[46] Kurdish Life in Contemporary Turkey: Migration, Gender and Ethnic Identity, Anna Grabolle Celiker, page 160, I.B.Tauris, 2013

[47] "Turkey". Ethnologue.

[48] "Turquie: situation générale". Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca. Retrieved 8 November 2017.

[megl-49] Kahl, Thede (2006). "The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey". Nationalities Papers. 34 (1): 71–90. doi:10.1080/00905990500504871. S2CID 161615853.

[UN_Demographic_Yearbooks-50] "UN Demographic Yearbooks". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 17 June 2014.

[51] Dundar, Fuat. Türkiye Nüfus Sayimlarinda Azinliklar, 2001.

[:1-52] ttp://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0015557.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

[53] ttps://cdn.teyit.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/nufustahriri.pdf

[54] Guzgulu, Derya (1 January 2019). "1950 Türkiye genel nüfus sayımının coğrafi analizi". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[55] ttps://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/54798

[56] ttp://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/58743.pdf

[57] Andrews, Peter A. Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey., Beiheft Nr. B 60, Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Wiesbaden: Reichert Publications, 1989, ISBN 3-89500-297-6; + 2nd enlarged edition in 2 vols., 2002, ISBN 3-89500-229-1

[58] "A Quest for Equality: Minorities in Turkey" (PDF). www.avrupa.info.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011.

[IRF2008-59] International Religious Freedom Report 2008 U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2009-09-15.

[60] "e-Devlet'te yeni hizmet: Din değişikliği yapılabilecek". A3 Haber (in Turkish). 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

[Ipsos2023-61] "Global Religion – Religious Beliefs Across the World" (PDF). Ipsos. May 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2024.

[Ipsos2017-62] "Religion". Ipsos. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2024.

[63] "KONDA Toplumsal Değişim Raporu: Türkiye'de inançsızlık yükselişte". euronews (in Turkish). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

[64] tr:Türkiye demografisi#N.C3.BCfus Piramidi^{[circular reference]}

[65] Shankland, David (2003). The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-7007-1606-8.

[66] "Ankette Mezhep Soruları". archive.vn. 2 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

[Eurobarometer-67] "Social values, Science and Technology" (PDF). Eurobarometer. June 2005. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2007.

[68] "Fener Rum Patrikhanesinin "ekümeniklik" İddiasına İlişkin Basın Açıklamamız". www.fatih.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 January 2024.

[İçduygu2008-69] İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2): 358–389. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937. S2CID 143541451. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

[70] Chapter The refugees question in Greece (1821–1930) in "Θέματα Νεοελληνικής Ιστορίας", ΟΕΔΒ ("Topics from Modern Greek History"). 8th edition (PDF), Nikolaos Andriotis, 2008

[71] Quarterly, Middle East (2001). "'Editors' Introduction: Why a Special Issue?: Disappearing Christians of the Middle East" (PDF). Middle East Quarterly. Editors' Introduction. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.

[72] "KONDA Toplumsal Değişim Raporu: Türkiye'de inançsızlık yükselişte". euronews (in Turkish). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2020.

[73] "Hayat Tarzı – 10 Yılda Ne Değişti?". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 4 August 2020.

[74] "Hayat Tarzı – 10 Yılda Gençlerde Ne Değişti?". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 4 August 2020.

[75] KONDA Research and Consultancy (8 September 2007). "Religion, Secularism and the Veil in daily life" (PDF). Milliyet. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.

[76] Wike, Richard; Juliana Menasce Horowitz (26 July 2006). "Lebanon's Muslims: Relatively Secular and Pro-Christian". Pew Global Attitudes Project.

[77] "2009 Gallup poll Gallup Poll". Gallup.com. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2014.

[78] Gallup World View Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

[79] Lamb, Christina (23 April 2007). "Head scarves to topple secular Turkey?". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008.

[80] Lamb, Christina (6 May 2007). "Headscarf war threatens to split Turkey". Times Online. London. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008.

[81] Clark-Flory, Tracy (23 April 2007). "Head scarves to topple secular Turkey?". Salon.com. Retrieved 4 August 2008.

[TurkStat_footnote-18] All data taken from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Data is for xxxx-12-31.

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Demographics of Turkey

Contents

Population

Historical population

Life expectancy

Urbanization

Median age

Sex ratio

Literacy

Vital statistics

UN estimates

Registered births and deaths

Birth and death rate by region and year

Total births and deaths by region and year

Natural increase by region and year

Historical fertility rate

Total fertility rate (TFR) by province and year

Structure of the population

Immigration

Internal migration

Ethnicity

Languages

Religion

Religiosity

See also

References

Notes

External links

Demographics of Turkey
Population pyramid of Turkey in 2020
Population	85,372,377 (31 December 2023)
Density	108.95421/km² (2023)
Growth rate	0.11% (2023)
Birth rate	10.9 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate	6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life expectancy	78.6 years (2020)
• male	75.9 years (2020)
• female	81.3 years (2020)
Fertility rate	1.51 children born/woman (2023)^[1]
Infant mortality rate	9.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2022)
Net migration rate	-1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	21.4% (2023)
15–64 years	68.3% (2023)
65 and over	10.2% (2023)
Sex ratio
Total	0.99 male(s)/female (2021)^[2]
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female (2022)
Under 15	1.05 male(s)/female (2022)
15–64 years	1.03 male(s)/female (2022)
65 and over	0.82 male(s)/female (2022)
Nationality
Nationality	Turkish
Major ethnic	Turkish (70–75%)^[3]
Minor ethnic	Kurdish (19%)^[3] Other minorities (6–11%)^[3] (2016 est.)
Language
Official	Turkish
Spoken	Languages of Turkey