Cleansing the Class Ranks (Chinese: 清理阶级队伍), or Cleansing of Class Ranks Campaigns, was a Maoist campaign during China's Cultural Revolution.[1][2][3][4][5] The primary purpose of the movement was to eliminate "class enemies who have sneaked into the revolutionary organization",[6] namely "traitors, spies, capitalist roaders, counter-revolutionaries and members of the Five Black Categories".[1][3][7][8][9] The campaign particularly targeted purported supporters of Liu Shaoqi, who were referred to as "stubborn bourgeois power holders".[6]
On May 13, 1968, Yao Wenyuan submitted a document ("《北京新华印刷厂军管会发动群众开展对敌斗争的经验》", The experience of the Military Management Committee of Beijing Xinhua Printing Factory in mobilizing the masses to carry out the struggle against the enemy) to Mao Zedong, in which Yao wrote "this document summarizes some of the policies in cleansing the class ranks".[7][8] On May 19, Mao commented on the document, "Wenyuan: I suggest nationwide circulation and publication of this document; it is the best-written piece among all relevant files I have seen."[7][8] As a result, the Cleansing the Class Ranks campaign was launched on May 25, 1968.[7][8]
The campaign targeted many rebels from the earlier populist phase of the Cultural Revolution.[10] They were not ideologically homogeneous, as well as being staffed by many people who turned out to be incompetent or opportunistic, and so attracted the hostility of Jiang Qing and others in her radical faction who drove forward the Cleansing the Class Ranks campaign.[6]
Systematic torture, trial by suspicion, conviction by forced confessions, massacres and other forms of mass killings all took place during the Cleansing.[3] Around 30 million people are estimated to have been persecuted, with an estimated death toll of 0.5-1.5 million.[3][11]: 459 [12] After the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese Communist Party as well as the Chinese government admitted that many of the cases in the Cleansing movement were "unjust, false, mistaken" cases.[3][13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Walder, Andrew G. (2014). "Rebellion and Repression in China, 1966–1971" (PDF). Social Science History. 38 (3–4): 513–539. doi:10.1017/ssh.2015.23. S2CID 143087356. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2020-02-16 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ Unger, Jonathan (January 2007). "The Cultural Revolution at the Grass Roots". The China Journal. 57 (57): 109–137. doi:10.1086/tcj.57.20066243. hdl:1885/21040. JSTOR 20066243.
- ^ a b c d e "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html. Archived from the original on 2019-12-30. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ Hays, Jeffrey. "HORRORS OF THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION: CANNIBALISM, MASSACRES AND CLEANSING OF THE RANKS | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ "China's Great Terror". ChinaFile. 2006-09-21. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ a b c Sullivan, Lawrence R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party. Scarecrow Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8108-7225-7.
- ^ a b c d "1968年5月25日 全国开展"清理阶级队伍"运动" (in Chinese). People's Daily. Archived from the original on 2005-04-04. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
- ^ a b c d "（43）"大串联"中的人和事、（44）复课闹革命、（45）清理阶级队伍" (in Chinese). The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
- ^ "清理阶级队伍". 凤凰网. Archived from the original on 2020-01-13. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
- ^ Xu, Youwei; Wang, Y. Yvon (2022). Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964-1988. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 239. ISBN 9783030996871.
- ^ 杨继绳 (2017-07-04). 天地翻覆: 中国文化大革命历史. 天地图书. GGKEY:L6GTAS7DJ5F.
- ^ Ding, Shu. "文革中的"清理阶级队伍"运动——三千万人被斗，五十万人死亡" (in Chinese). 华夏文摘. Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
- ^ "1968年5月25日 全國開展"清理階級隊伍"運動". 中國共產黨新聞網. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-15.