The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is a government agency of the People's Republic of China headquartered in Haidian, Beijing, responsible for civil space administration and international space cooperation. These responsibilities include organizing or leading foreign exchanges and cooperation in the aerospace field.[2] The CNSA is an administrative agency under the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.[3][need quotation to verify]
| 中国国家航天局 | |
 | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | CNSA |
| Formed | 22 April 1993 |
| Preceding agency |
|
| Type | Space agency |
| Jurisdiction | State Council of the People's Republic of China |
| Headquarters | Haidian, Beijing |
Administrator | Zhang Kejian |
| Vice Administrator | Xu Zhanbin |
| Chief Engineer | Li Guoping |
| Secretary-General | Xu Hongliang |
| Annual budget |  US$18.15 billion (2024) 28.54% increase [1][Note 1] |
| Website | www |
| China National Space Administration | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 国家航天局 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 國家航天局 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | National Astronautics Administration | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
Founded in 1993, CNSA has pioneered a number of achievements in space for China despite its relatively short history, including becoming the first space agency to land on the far side of the Moon with Chang'e 4, bringing material back from the Moon with Chang'e 5 and 6, and being the second agency who successfully landed a rover on Mars with Tianwen-1.
As the governing body of civil space activities, China National Space Administration does not execute any space program. The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation executes China's state space programs instead.[4][need quotation to verify] The China Manned Space Program is operated by China Manned Space Agency, instead of the CNSA.[5][need quotation to verify]
History
editCNSA is an agency created in 1993 when the Ministry of Aerospace Industry was split into CNSA and the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC). The former was to be responsible for policy, while the latter was to be responsible for execution. This arrangement proved somewhat unsatisfactory, as these two agencies were, in effect, one large agency, sharing both personnel and management.[6]
As part of a massive restructuring in 1998, CASC was split into a number of smaller state-owned companies. The intention appeared to have been to create a system similar to that characteristic of Western defense procurement in which entities which are government agencies, setting operational policy, would then contract out their operational requirements to entities which were government-owned, but not government-managed.[6]
Since the passage of the Wolf Amendment in 2011, NASA has been forced by Congress to implement a long-standing exclusion policy with CNSA ever since, though this has been periodically overcome.
In 2021, China began building the Tiangong space station, which consists of three modules designated for crew, cargo, and research. The construction was completed in late 2022, and there are plans to add an additional three modules.
In 2024, China announced that it will undertake 100 space missions, a significant increase from the 70 missions conducted in 2023 this is mostly satellites, testing, crew replacement, cargo, and more.
Function
editCNSA was established as a government institution to develop and fulfill China's due international obligations, with the approval by the 8th National People's Congress of China (NPC). The 9th NPC assigned CNSA as an internal structure of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND). CNSA assumes the following main responsibilities: signing governmental agreements in the space area on behalf of organizations, inter-governmental scientific and technical exchanges; and also being in charge of the enforcement of national space policies and managing the national space science, technology and industry.
China has signed governmental space cooperation agreements with Argentina, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, India, Italy, Pakistan, Russia, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, and some other countries. Significant achievements have been scored in the bilateral and multilateral and technology exchanges and cooperation.[6]
Administrators
editThe most recent administrator is Zhang Kejian. Wu Yanhua is vice-administrator and Tian Yulong is secretary general.[7]
- April 1993: Liu Jiyuan
- April 1998: Luan Enjie
- 2004: Sun Laiyan
- July 2010: Chen Qiufa[8]
- March 2013: Ma Xingrui[9]
- December 2013: Xu Dazhe[7]
- May 2017: Tang Dengjie
- May 2018: Zhang Kejian
Departments
editThere are four departments under the CNSA:
- Department of General Planning
- Department of System Engineering
- Department of Science, Technology and Quality Control
- Department of Foreign Affairs
CNSA's logo is a similar design to that of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.[10] The arrow in the middle is similar to the Chinese character 人 which means 'human' or 'people', to state that humans are the center of all space exploration. The three concentric ellipses stand for three types of escape velocity (minimum speed needed to reach sustainable orbits, to escape the Earth system, and to escape the Solar System) which are milestones of space exploration. The second ring is drawn with a bold line, to state that China has passed the first stage of exploration (Earth system) and is undergoing the second stage exploration (within the Solar System). The 人 character stands above the three rings to emphasize humanity's capability to escape and explore. Olive branches were added to state that China's space exploration is peaceful in nature.[citation needed]
Launch facilities
edit- Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
- Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center
- Xichang Satellite Launch Center
- Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Includes both civilian and military space spending.
References
edit- ^ "Global governmental spending on space programs of leading countries 2022". Statista. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ "机构简介". www.cnsa.gov.cn. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ "国务院组织机构_中国政府网". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ "集团简介_中国航天科技集团有限公司". www.spacechina.com. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ "中国载人航天工程". www.cmse.gov.cn. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ a b c "Organization and Function". China National Space Administration. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ a b "Resume of Administrator". China National Space Administration. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- ^ "Chénqiúfā Rèn Liáoníng Shěng Dài Shěng Zhǎng" 陈求发任辽宁省代省长 [Chen Qiufa Appointed Acting Governor of Liaoning]. People's Daily (in Chinese). 8 May 2015.
- ^ "Dr. Ma Xingrui Was Appointed as Administrator of China National Space Administration". China National Space Administration. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015.
- ^ "Shìjué Shìbié Xìtǒng" 视觉识别系统 [Visual Identification System]. spacechina.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2009.