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Marcus Aurelius Carinus (died 285) was Roman Emperor from 283 to 285. The eldest son of the Emperor Carus, he was first appointed Caesar in late 282, then given the title of Augustus in early 283, and made co-emperor of the western part of the Empire by his father.[4] Official accounts of his character and career, which portray him as dissolute and incompetent, have been filtered through the propaganda of his successful opponent Diocletian.
| Carinus | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Over life-sized head of Carinus, Centrale Montemartini[1] | |||||||||
| Roman emperor | |||||||||
| Reign | Spring 283 – July 285 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Carus | ||||||||
| Successor | Diocletian (in competition with Carinus from 284) | ||||||||
| Co-emperors | Carus (283) Numerian (283–284) | ||||||||
| Died | July 285 River Margus, Moesia | ||||||||
| Spouse | Magnia Urbica | ||||||||
| Issue | Nigrinianus (disputed, possibly adopted) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Father | Carus | ||||||||
Reign
editAfter the death of Emperor Probus in a spontaneous mutiny by the army in 282, his praetorian prefect, Carus, ascended to the throne. When he left for the Persian war, he elevated his two sons to the title of Caesar. The elder, Carinus, was left to manage the affairs of the West in his absence, and was later elevated to the rank of Augustus, while the younger, Numerian, accompanied his father to the East.[5]
Carinus acquitted himself well, at least at first, showing some merit in suppressing unrest in Gaul and against the Quadi,[6][7] but the young emperor soon left the defence of the Upper Rhine to his legates and returned to Rome, where the surviving accounts, which demonise him, claim he indulged in all manner of extravagance and excess.[4] He is said to have married and divorced nine different women during his short reign in Rome and to have made his private life notorious. He is said to have persecuted many who he felt had treated him with insufficient respect before his elevation, to have alienated the Senate by his open dislike and contempt, and to have prostituted the imperial dignity with the various low entertainments he introduced at court.[8]
When Carus heard of his son's behaviour in the capital, he declared his intention of removing him from office and replacing him with Constantius Chlorus, who was already known for his ability and virtue. Carus, however, died soon afterwards in the midst of the Persian War, and his two sons jointly succeeded him.
On his return to Rome, Carinus organised the annual games, the Ludi Romani, on an unprecedented scale.[9][4][10] At the same time, Numerian was forced to abandon his father's ambitious campaign in the east by the soldiers, who were superstitious about Carus' death, supposedly caused by a bolt of lightning.[6]
Numerian led his army back to Rome, where a triumph awaited him, leaving the Persians astonished at the inexplicable retreat of a victorious army. Numerian's health, however, was broken by the climate, and unable to bear the heat of the sun, he was carried on a covered litter on the march. Arrius Aper, the praetorian prefect, took charge in his name, but his ambitious temper aroused the troops' suspicions. At Heraclea in Thrace, they broke into the imperial tent and found Numerian dead. Diocletian, commander of the bodyguard, confirmed that Numerian had been murdered by the Praefect, and after executing the Praefect, he was proclaimed Emperor by the soldiers.[11][4][12]
Carinus immediately left Rome and headed east to meet Diocletian. On his way through Pannonia he overthrew the usurper Sabinus Julianus and in July 285 met Diocletian's army at the Battle of the Margus River (modern Morava River) in Moesia.[7][4]
Death in 285
editHistorians disagree about what happened next. According to one account, his troops prevailed at the Battle of the Margus River, but Carinus was murdered by a tribune whose wife he had seduced.[7][13] Another account describes the battle as a complete victory for Diocletian and claims that Carinus' army deserted him. This account may be supported by the fact that Diocletian kept Carinus' Praetorian Guard commander, Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus, in service.[7][4]
Character
editCarinus has the reputation of being one of the worst Roman emperors.[4] This infamy may have been encouraged by Diocletian. The unreliable Historia Augusta has Carinus marrying nine wives. After his death, Carinus' memory was officially condemned in the Roman procedure known as damnatio memoriae. His name and that of his wife were erased from inscriptions.[14]
Family tree
edit| Marcus Claudius Tacitus Roman Emperor 275-276 | previous Florianus Roman Emperor 276 | Probus Roman Emperor 276-282 | Carus Roman Emperor 282-283 | next Diocletian Roman Emperor 284-305 ∞ Prisca | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carinus Roman Emperor 282-284 ∞ Magnia Urbica | Numerian co-emperor 282-284 | Galeria Valeria | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
editPrimary sources
edit- Anonymous, Epitome de Caesaribus
- Aurelius Victor
- Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe condita[usurped]
- Historia Augusta, Life of Carus, Carinus and Numerian
- Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284
Secondary sources
edit- ^ Monumenta Graeca et Romana: Mutilation and transformation : damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. BRILL. 1 January 2004. pp. 212, 405. ISBN 978-90-04-13577-2.
- ^ Jones, A. H. M.; Martindale, J. R.; Morris, J. (1971). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. ISBN 0-521-07233-6.
- ^ Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. p. 501. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carinus, Marcus Aurelius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 337.
- ^ Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, (The Modern Library, 1932), ch. XXII., p. 293
- ^ a b Gibbon, p. 296
- ^ a b c d Leadbetter, William (8 August 2023). Carinus (283–285 A.D.).
- ^ Gibbon, pp. 296, 297
- ^ Spence, H. Donald M. (2003). Early Christianity and Paganism. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 391–392. ISBN 0-7661-3068-1.
- ^ Gibbon, pp. 297-300
- ^ Pohlsander, Hans A. (1996). Constantine. Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 0-415-31938-2.
- ^ Gibbon, pp. 301, 302
- ^ Gibbon, p. 302
- ^ Varner, Eric R. (2004). Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 212. ISBN 90-04-13577-4.
In literature
edit- Mor Jokai's A Christian but a Roman is set in Carinus' Rome