The Calucones were a Gallic or Rhaetian tribe dwelling around present-day Chur (eastern Switzerland) during the Roman period.
Name
editThey are mentioned as Calucones (var. Callucones, Allucones) by Pliny (1st c. AD),[1] and as kaloúkōnes (καλούκωνες; var. καλούκονες, κουλούκωνες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).[2][3]
The etymology of the name remains debated. It could go back to a Celtic form calo-uco-on-, derived from the stem calo- ('call').[3] Alternatively, it may be derived from a stem *calu- ('hard') attached to -cones ('wolves'), and translated as 'hard wolves'.[4]
An homonym tribe, the Kaloukones, lived further north, near the Germanic Suebi.[3]
Geography
editThe Calucones probably dwelled around present-day Chur (Curia), in the Canton of Grisons.[5][6]
Their territory was located north of the Suanetes and Rugusci, west of the Focunates and Venostes, south of the Vennones.[7]
History
editThey are mentioned by Pliny the Elder as one of the Alpine tribes conquered by Rome in 16–15 BC, and whose name was engraved on the Tropaeum Alpium.[1][6]
References
edit- ^ a b Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 3:20.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:12:2.
- ^ a b c Falileyev 2010, s.v. Calucones.
- ^ Delamarre 2019, p. 174.
- ^ Pauli 1980, pp. 54–55.
- ^ a b Frei-Stolba 2003.
- ^ Talbert 2000, Map 19: Raetia.
Primary sources
edit- Pliny (1938). Natural History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rackham, H. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674993648.
Bibliography
edit- Delamarre, Xavier (2019). Dictionnaire des thèmes nominaux du gaulois. Ab-/Iχs(o)-. Vol. 1. Les Cents Chemins. ISBN 978-1-7980-5040-8.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- Frei-Stolba, Regula (2003). "Calucones". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz.
- Pauli, Ludwig (1980). Die Alpen in Frühzeit und Mittelalter: die archäologische Entdeckung einer Kulturlandschaft. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-07598-8.
- Talbert, Richard J. A. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691031699.