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Canadian Space Agency

The Canadian Space Agency (CSA; French: Agence spatiale canadienne, ASC) is the national space agency of Canada, established in 1990 by the Canadian Space Agency Act.

Canadian Space Agency
Agence spatiale canadienne (French)
CSA coat of arms
CSA logo
Agency overview
FormedMarch 1, 1989; 35 years ago (1989-03-01)
JurisdictionGovernment of Canada
HeadquartersJohn H. Chapman Space Centre, Longueuil, Quebec
45°31′21″N 73°23′45″W / 45.52239°N 73.39582°W / 45.52239; -73.39582
Employees948[1]
Annual budgetIncrease CA$615.4 million (2023)[2]
Minister responsible
Agency executives
Websiteasc-csa.gc.ca Edit this at Wikidata

The president is Lisa Campbell, who took the position on September 3, 2020.[3] The agency is responsible to the minister of innovation, science and industry. The CSA's headquarters are located at the John H. Chapman Space Centre in Longueuil, Quebec. The agency also has offices in Ottawa, Ontario, and small liaison offices in Houston, Washington, and Paris.[4]

History

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The origins of the Canadian upper atmosphere and space program can be traced back to the end of the Second World War.[5] Between 1945 and 1960, Canada undertook a number of small launcher and satellite projects under the aegis of defence research, including the development of the Black Brant rocket as well as series of advanced studies examining both orbital rendezvous and re-entry.[6] In 1957, scientists and engineers at the Canadian Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) under the leadership of John H. Chapman embarked on a project initially known simply as S-27 or the Topside Sounder Project. This work would soon lead to the development of Canada's first satellite known as Alouette 1.

With the launch of Alouette 1 in September 1962, Canada became the third country to put an artificial satellite into space. At the time, Canada only possessed upper atmospheric launch capabilities (sounding rockets), therefore, Alouette 1 was sent aloft by the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from Vandenberg Air Force Base in Lompoc, California. The technical excellence of the satellite, which lasted for ten years instead of the expected one, prompted the further study of the ionosphere with the joint Canadian-designed, U.S.-launched ISIS satellite program. This undertaking was designated an International Milestone of Electrical Engineering by IEEE in 1993. The launch of Anik A-1 in 1972 made Canada the first country in the world to establish its own domestic geostationary communication satellite network.[7]

These and other space-related activities in the 1980s compelled the Canadian government to promulgate the Canadian Space Agency Act, which established the Canadian Space Agency. The act received royal assent on May 10, 1990, and came into force on December 14, 1990.[8]

The mandate of the Canadian Space Agency is to promote the peaceful use and development of space, to advance the knowledge of space through science and to ensure that space science and technology provide social and economic benefits for Canadians. The Canadian Space Agency's mission statement says that the agency is committed to leading the development and application of space knowledge for the benefit of Canadians and humanity.

In 1999, the CSA was moved from project-based to "A-base" funding and given a fixed annual budget of $300 million.[4] The actual budget varies from year to year due to additional earmarks and special projects. In 2009, Dr. Nicole Buckley was appointed chief scientist of life science.[9]

Presidents

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Cooperation with the European Space Agency

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The CSA has been a cooperating state of the European Space Agency (ESA) since the 1970s[19][20] and has several formal and informal partnerships and collaborative programs with space agencies in other countries, such as NASA, ISRO, JAXA, and SNSA.

Canada's collaboration with Europe in space activities predated both the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.[19] From 1968, Canada held observer status in the European Space Conference (ESC), a ministerial-level organization set up to determine future European space activities, and it continued in this limited role after ESA was created in 1975.[19] Since January 1, 1979, Canada has had the special status of a "Cooperating State" with the ESA,[20] paying for the privilege and also investing in working time and providing scientific instruments that are placed on ESA probes. Canada is allowed to participate in optional programs; it also has to contribute to the General Budget but not as much as associate membership entail. This status was unique at the time and remains so today.

On 15 December 2010, the accord was renewed for a further 10 years, until 2020.[20] By virtue of this accord, Canada takes part in ESA deliberative bodies and decision-making and in ESA's programmes and activities. Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes. The accord has a provision specifically ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada. The head of the Canadian delegation to ESA is the president of the Canadian Space Agency. As of February 2009, there are currently 30 Canadians that are employed as staff members at ESA. (Distributed over various ESA sites: 20 at ESTEC; 4 at ESOC; 4 at ESA HQ; 2 at ESRIN).

Canadian space program

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Canadarm (right) during Space Shuttle mission STS-72
 
The Mobile Base System just before Canadarm2 installed it on the Mobile Transporter during STS-111

The Canadian space program is administered by the Canadian Space Agency. Canada has contributed technology, expertise and personnel to the world space effort, especially in collaboration with ESA and NASA. In addition to its astronauts and satellites, some of the most notable Canadian technological contributions to space exploration include the Canadarm on the Space Shuttle and Canadarm2 on the International Space Station.

Canada's contribution to the International Space Station is the $1.3 billion Mobile Servicing System. This consists of Canadarm2 (SSRMS), Dextre (SPDM), mobile base system (MBS) and multiple robotics workstations that together make up the Mobile Servicing System on the ISS. The Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre all employ the Advanced Space Vision System, which allows more efficient use of the robotic arms. Another Canadian technology of note is the Orbiter Boom Sensor System, which was an extension for the original Canadarm used to inspect the Space Shuttle's thermal protection system for damage while in orbit.[21] Before the Space Shuttle's retirement, the boom was modified for use with Canadarm2; STS-134 (the Space Shuttle program's penultimate mission) left it for use on the ISS.

CSA astronauts

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See also: Canadian Astronaut Corps

There have been four recruiting campaigns for astronauts for the CSA. The first, in 1983 by the National Research Council, led to the selection of Roberta Bondar, Marc Garneau, Robert Thirsk, Ken Money, Bjarni Tryggvason and Steve MacLean. The second, in 1992, selected Chris Hadfield, Julie Payette, Dafydd Williams and Michael McKay. On May 13, 2009, it was announced after the completion of a third selection process that two new astronauts, Jeremy Hansen and David Saint-Jacques, had been chosen.[22] The latest recruitment campaign was launched in 2016, attracting 3,772 applicants for 2 candidates.[23] In 2017, Joshua Kutryk and Jennifer Sidey were chosen.[24]

Nine Canadians have participated in 17 crewed missions in total: 14 NASA Space Shuttle missions (including one mission to Mir) and 3 Roscosmos Soyuz missions.[25][26][27] Two former Canadian astronauts never flew in space: Michael McKay resigned for medical reasons[28] and Ken Money resigned in 1992, eight years after his selection.[29]

Canadian Space Agency astronauts
Name Launch
Vehicle 		Mission Launch date Notes
Marc Garneau Challenger STS-41-G October 5, 1984 First Canadian in space
Roberta Bondar Discovery STS-42 January 22, 1992 First Canadian woman in space
Steven MacLean Columbia STS-52 October 22, 1992
Chris Hadfield Atlantis STS-74 November 12, 1995 Only Canadian to visit Mir
Marc Garneau Endeavour STS-77 May 19, 1996 First Canadian to return to space
Robert Thirsk Columbia STS-78 June 20, 1996
Bjarni Tryggvason Discovery STS-85 August 7, 1997
Dafydd Williams Columbia STS-90 April 17, 1998
Julie Payette Discovery STS-96 May 27, 1999 First Canadian to visit the International Space Station
Marc Garneau Endeavour STS-97 November 30, 2000 ISS mission. Return to space (third visit)
Chris Hadfield Endeavour STS-100 April 19, 2001 ISS mission. Return to space (second visit). First spacewalk by a Canadian
Steven MacLean Atlantis STS-115 September 9, 2006 ISS mission. Return to space (second visit); spacewalk
Dafydd Williams Endeavour STS-118 August 27, 2007 ISS mission. Return to space (second visit); spacewalk
Robert Thirsk Soyuz-FG Soyuz TMA-15 May 27, 2009 ISS Expedition 20 and Expedition 21. Return to space (second visit). First flight on a Russian launch vehicle by a Canadian. First Canadian on a permanent ISS crew. First time two Canadians were in space simultaneously (with Payette)
Julie Payette Endeavour STS-127 July 15, 2009 ISS mission. First Canadian woman to return to space. First time two Canadians were in space simultaneously (with Thirsk). Largest gathering of humans (13) in space, as seven STS-127 arrivals join 6 already on ISS. Largest gathering (5) of nationalities in space, as the United States, Russia, Japan, Canada, and Belgium have astronauts together on ISS. Last Canadian to fly on a US Space Shuttle.
Chris Hadfield Soyuz-FG Soyuz TMA-07M December 19, 2012 ISS Expedition 34 and Expedition 35. Return to space (third visit). First Canadian commander of a spacecraft, first Canadian Commander of a permanent ISS crew.
David Saint-Jacques Soyuz-FG Soyuz MS-11 December 3, 2018 ISS Expedition 58 and Expedition 59.

On December 19, 2012, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield launched aboard a Soyuz spacecraft to reach the International Space Station. This mission marked the completion of NASA's compensation to Canada for its contribution to the Shuttle and International Space Station programs, meaning that there were no confirmed remaining space flight opportunities for Canadian astronauts.[30] In June 2015, the Canadian government announced a renewed commitment to the International Space Station, securing flights for both of Canada's remaining active astronauts.[31] In May 2016, the CSA announced that David Saint-Jacques would fly to the International Space Station aboard a Roscosmos Soyuz rocket in November 2018 for 6 months, as part of the Expedition 58/59 crew.[32] The crew of the Artemis 2 lunar flyby mission will include a CSA astronaut, the first Canadian to travel beyond low Earth orbit, under the terms of a 2020 treaty between the United States and Canada.[33]

Canadian satellites

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Alouette 1 was the first satellite built by a country other than the United States or Soviet Union.
Name Launched Retired Purpose
Alouette 1 September 29, 1962 1972 Ionosphere research
Alouette 2 November 29, 1965 August 1, 1975 Ionosphere research
ISIS 1 January 30, 1969 1990 Ionosphere research
ISIS 2 April 1, 1971 1990 Ionosphere research
Hermes January 17, 1976 November, 1979 Experimental communications satellite
RADARSAT-1 November 4, 1995 March 29, 2013 Commercial Earth observation satellite[34]
MOST June 30, 2003 March, 2019 Space telescope
SCISAT-1 August 12, 2003 In service Earth observation satellite (atmosphere)
RADARSAT-2 December 14, 2007 In service Commercial Earth observation satellite
NEOSSat February 25, 2013 In service Monitoring of near-Earth objects[35]
Sapphire February 25, 2013 In service Military space surveillance[35][36]
BRITE February 25, 2013 In service Space telescope[35][37]
CASSIOPE September 29, 2013 In service Ionosphere research, experimental telecommunications[38][39]
M3MSat June 22, 2016 In service Communications satellite[40]
RADARSAT Constellation June 12, 2019 In service Commercial Earth observation satellite

Additionally, there are commercial satellites launched by the telecommunications company Telesat, a former Crown corporation that was privatized in 1998. These are the Anik satellites, the Nimiq satellites (all currently used by Bell Satellite TV), and MSAT-1. Further, technology and research satellites have been developed by UTIAS-SFL,[41] including the CanX program, ExactView-9, and GHGSat-D.

International projects

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The CSA contributes to many international projects, including satellites, rovers, and space telescopes. The CSA has contributed components to ESA, NASA, ISRO, JAXA, and SNSB projects in the past.[42] Recently, Canada contributed the Fine Guidance Sensor to NASA's James Webb Space Telescope.[43]

Name Country Primary Agency Launch Date Canadian contribution Notes
UARS United States NASA 1991 Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII)[44][45] PI: Gordon G. Shepherd, York; CAL
Interbol Russia RSA 1996 Ultraviolet Auroral Imager(UVI) instrument PI: L.L. Cogger, U Calgary; CAL
Nozomi Japan ISAS 1998 Thermal Plasma Analyzer (TPA) instrument PI: Andrew Yau, U Calgary; CAL/COM DEV; Canada's first interplanetary mission
FUSE United States NASA 1999 Fine Error Sensor COM DEV
Terra United States NASA 1999 MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in The Troposphere) PI: Jim Drummond; COM DEV
Odin Sweden SNSA 2001 OSIRIS (Optical Spectroscopic and Infrared Remote Imaging System) PI: Doug Degenstein, University of Saskatchewan; Routes
Envisat Europe ESA 2002 ESA collaboration
CloudSat United States NASA 2006 Radar components COM DEV
THEMIS United States NASA 2007 Automated ground observatories
Phoenix United States NASA 2007 Meteorological station First Canadian component on Mars; confirmed snow on Mars
Herschel Europe ESA 2009 HIFI Local Oscillator Source Unit COM DEV
Planck Europe ESA 2009 ESA collaboration PI: J. Richard Bond, University of Toronto and Douglas Scott, University of British Columbia
Proba-2 Europe ESA 2009 Fiber Sensor Demonstrator MPB Communications Inc.
SMOS Europe ESA 2009 ESA collaboration
Curiosity United States NASA 2011 APXS instrument
Swarm Europe ESA 2013 Electric Field Instrument (EFI) COM DEV
Astrosat India ISRO 2015 Precision detectors for the twin UV and visible imaging telescopes (UVIT) PI: John Hutchings
Astro-H Japan JAXA 2016 Canadian Astro-H Metrology System (CAMS) Contact lost March 26, 2016
OSIRIS-REx United States NASA 2016 OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter (OLA) First Canadian component on a sample return mission
JWST United States NASA 2021 Fine Guidance Sensor/Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (FGS/NIRISS) PI: René Doyon, Université de Montréal
SWOT United States NASA 2022 Extended interaction klystrons (EIKs) for the radar. Communications & Power Industries Canada Inc.

Additionally, Canadian universities and aerospace contractors, including the University of Calgary,[46][47] UTIAS-SFL, COM DEV, MDA, Magellan Aerospace, Telesat and others, have provided components to various international space agencies.

Facilities

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A number of launch facilities have been used by the Canadian Space Agency and its predecessors:

Canada

United States

Other international

Future programs

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With the successful launching of Radarsat-2 in December 2007 and completion of Canada's CA$1.4 billion contribution to the International Space Station in early 2008, the CSA found itself with no major follow-on projects. This fact was highlighted by Marc Garneau, Canada's first astronaut and former head of the CSA, who in the fall of 2007 called upon the Canadian government to develop and institute a space policy for Canada.

A modest step has been taken to resolve this problem. In November 2008, the Agency signed a $40 million 16-month contract with MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates of Vancouver (now MDA) to begin the design of the RADARSAT Constellation (3 satellite) earth observation mission.[48] In August 2010, further funding was awarded for detailed design work scheduled for completion by 2012. The satellites were launched on June 12, 2019. Also in the 2009 Federal budget, the agency was awarded funding for the preliminary design of robotic Lunar/Martian rovers.[49]

On February 28, 2019, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced Canada's commitment to the Lunar Gateway, an international NASA-led project to put a small space station in lunar orbit. The announcement made Canada the first international partner in the Lunar Gateway project. As part of the announcement, Canada has committed to spending $2.05 billion over 24 years to develop the next generation Canadarm 3. This marks Canada's largest ever single financial commitment to a single project, surpassing the $1.7 billion spent on projects for the International Space Station.[50][51]

As part of the Artemis program, CSA is developing a small lunar rover. The robotic rover is being developed in partnership with NASA. It will explore a polar region of the Moon and be capable of surviving a lunar night. The mission will carry at least two science instruments, one from NASA and one from CSA, and will launch by 2026.[52][53]

Rockets

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A Canadian Black Brant XII launching from Wallops Flight Facility

The Canadian Space Agency has no indigenous launch system capability beyond upper atmospheric sounding rockets.[48][54] Canada relies on other countries, such as the U.S., India and Russia, to launch its spacecraft into orbit, but both the Defence Department and the space agency are looking at the option of constructing a Canadian-made launcher.[54][55]

The CSA announced in 2011 it was researching locations in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, or the potential reopening of the Churchill Rocket Research Range in Manitoba for a micro satellite (150 kg) launch site to end its reliance on foreign launch providers.[55] Another possible location, CFB Suffield, remains an option.[48][56] According to Canadian Space Agency officials, it would take 10 to 12 years for a full-scale project to design and build a small satellite launcher.[48] There has been no funding for these activities announced.[57]

Although a new launch facility at Canso, Nova Scotia, is under development (2024–2025 expected completion),[58] its intended use is for commercial launches of the Ukrainian Cyclone-4M rocket starting in 2023.[59] The facility is a project of the Maritime Launch Services company. Any CSA involvement has not been announced.[60]

Controversy

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In March 2022, information from the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) indicated that CSA had been infiltrated by Chinese agents. The RCMP charged Wanping Zheng, a 61-year-old employed by CSA, in December 2021 with breach of trust, which the police said was tied to foreign interference. Despite repeated security warnings from CSIS since 2015, Zheng continued to work for CSA and was tied to the installation of unauthorized software, including secure file transfer and a messaging applications, on behalf of a foreign company, according to filed court documents. He was also accused of using his status as a CSA engineer to negotiate agreements for a satellite station installation with Iceland, on behalf of a Chinese aerospace company. Zheng resigned from CSA after 26 years with the agency, although none of the allegations against Zheng have been proved in court.[61]

See also

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References

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  6. ^ Andrew B. Godefroy. Defense & Discovery: Canada's Military Space Program, 1945–1974. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7748-1959-6, chapters 2–6.
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  58. ^ Golubeva, Alena (9 April 2021). "Максим Дегтярев: "Спрос на выведение грузов на орбиту будет расти"" [Maxim Degtyarev: "The demand for placing cargo into orbit will grow"]. GMK Center (in Russian). Retrieved 11 May 2021. Компания получила разрешение, оформляет документы на получение земельного участка и уже в текущем году рассчитывает начать строительные работы. Сколько времени уйдет на строительство космодрома? – Три-четыре года. [The company has received permission, and is preparing documents for obtaining a land plot and expects to start construction work this year. How long will it take to build the cosmodrome? – Three or four years.]
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